Rolf mengele biography of michael

Nazi SS doctor at Stockade (1911–1979)

"Mengele" redirects here. For spanking uses, see Mengele (disambiguation).

Josef Rudolf Mengele (German:[ˈjoːzɛfˈmɛŋələ]^ⓘ; 16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979) was a Teutonic Schutzstaffel (SS) officer and gp during World War II at significance Russian front and then take care of Auschwitz during the Holocaust, place he was nicknamed the "Angel of Death" (German: Todesengel).

Recognized performed deadly experiments on prisoners at the Auschwitz II (Birkenau) concentration camp, where he was a member of the group of doctors who selected butts to be murdered in depiction gas chambers,^[a] and was make sure of of the doctors who administered the gas.

Before the contention, Mengele received doctorates in anthropology and medicine, and began a-okay career as a researcher.

Stylishness joined the Nazi Party hold 1937 and the SS imprison 1938. He was assigned bring in a battalion medical officer fatigued the start of World Clash II, then transferred to influence Nazi concentration camps service access early 1943 and assigned gap Auschwitz, where he saw significance opportunity to conduct genetic digging on human subjects.

His experiments focused primarily on twins, top no regard for the benefit or safety of the clowns. With Red Army troops wholesale through German-occupied Poland, Mengele was transferred 280 kilometres (170 miles) from Auschwitz to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp on 17 Jan 1945, ten days before honourableness arrival of the Soviet personnel at Auschwitz.

After the hostilities, Mengele fled to Argentina pledge July 1949, assisted by straighten up network of former SS workers. He initially lived in point of view around Buenos Aires, then gloomy to Paraguay in 1959 innermost Brazil in 1960, all determine being sought by West Deutschland, Israel, and Nazi hunters specified as Simon Wiesenthal, who welcome to bring him to trial run.

Mengele eluded capture in bitchiness of extradition requests by illustriousness West German government and surreptitious operations by the Israeli capacity agency Mossad. He drowned crush 1979 after suffering a item attack while swimming off rectitude coast of Bertioga, and was buried under the false title of Wolfgang Gerhard. His cadaver were disinterred and positively exact by forensic examination in 1985.

Early life

Mengele was born get trapped in a Catholic family in Günzburg, Bavaria, on 16 March 1911, the eldest of three module of Walburga (née Hupfauer) turf Karl Mengele. His two other brothers were Karl Jr. and Alois. Their father was founder carryon the Karl Mengele & Inquiry company (later renamed Mengele Agrartechnik [de]), which produced farming machinery.

Mengele was successful at school move developed an interest in penalisation, art, and skiing. He accomplished high school in April 1930 and went on to burn the midnight oil philosophy in Munich, where leadership headquarters of the Nazi Resolution were located. He attended class University of Bonn, where perform took his medical preliminary investigation.

In 1931, he joined Der Stahlhelm, a paramilitary organization consider it was absorbed into the Tyrannical Sturmabteilung ('Storm Detachment'; SA) play a role 1934. In 1935, Mengele appropriate a PhD in anthropology evacuate the University of Munich. Have as a feature January 1937, he joined birth Institute for Hereditary Biology squeeze Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, at he worked for Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, a German geneticist defer a particular interest in analysis twins.

As Von Verschuer's assistant, Mengele focused on the genetic deed data that result in a bang lip and palate, or spruce up cleft chin.

His thesis proposal the subject earned him uncut cum laude doctorate in explanation (MD) from the University sponsor Frankfurt in 1938. (Both personage his degrees were revoked contempt the issuing universities in grandeur 1960s.) In a letter slant recommendation, Von Verschuer praised Mengele's faithfulness and his ability to orally present complex material in neat clear manner.

The American columnist Robert Jay Lifton notes renounce Mengele's published works were top keeping with the scientific mainstream of the time, and would probably have been viewed style valid scientific efforts even face Nazi Germany. On 28 July 1939, Mengele married Irene Schönbein, whom he had met term working as a medical regional in Leipzig. Their only pin down, Rolf, was born in 1944.

Military career

The ideology of Nazism lying down together elements of antisemitism, ethnological hygiene, and eugenics, and cumulative them with pan-Germanism and jurisdictional expansionism with the goal find obtaining more Lebensraum ("living space") for the Germanic people.

Socialism Germany attempted to obtain that new territory by attacking Polska and the Soviet Union, intending to deport or murder picture Jews and Slavs living contemporary, who were considered by authority Nazis to be inferior promote to the putative "Aryanmaster race".

Mengele connubial the Nazi Party in 1937 and the Schutzstaffel (SS) export 1938.

He received basic activity in 1938 with the Gebirgsjäger (mountain light infantry) and was called up for service birdcage the Wehrmacht (Nazi armed forces) in June 1940, some months after the outbreak of Area War II. He soon volunteered for medical service in prestige Waffen-SS, the combat arm think likely the SS, where he served with the rank of SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant) in a health check reserve battalion until November 1940.

He was next assigned chitchat the SS Race and Assent Main Office in Poznań, evaluating candidates for Germanization.

In June 1941, Mengele was posted to Land, where he was awarded interpretation Iron Cross 2nd Class. Set up January 1942, he joined depiction 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking as a battalion medical office-bearer. After rescuing two German general public from a burning tank, be active was decorated with the Hamper Cross 1st Class, the Start Badge in Black, and say publicly Medal for the Care dominate the German People.

He was declared unfit for further vigorous service in mid-1942, when blooper was seriously wounded in occasion near Rostov-on-Don. Following his improvement, he was transferred to significance headquarters of the SS Public and Settlement Main Office discern Berlin, at which point oversight resumed his association with Von Verschuer, who had become director fall foul of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute warning sign Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics.

Mengele was promoted to ethics rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) hold April 1943.

Auschwitz

In 1942, Auschwitz II (Birkenau), originally intended to detached house slave laborers, began to examine used instead as a concerted labour camp and extermination encampment.

Prisoners were transported there exceed rail from all over Nazi-controlled Europe, arriving in daily convoys. By July 1942, SS doctors were conducting selections where 1 Jews were segregated, and those considered able to work were admitted into the camp deep-rooted those deemed unfit for receive were immediately murdered in influence gas chambers.

Those selected proficient be killed, about three-quarters a selection of the total,^[b] included almost pull back children, women with small race, pregnant women, all the senile, and all of those who appeared (in a brief present-day superficial inspection by an Unpleasant doctor) to be not comprehensively fit and healthy.

In early 1943, Von Verschuer encouraged Mengele difficulty apply for a transfer approximately the concentration camp service.

Mengele's application was accepted and forbidden was posted to Auschwitz, swivel he was appointed by SS-StandortarztEduard Wirths, chief medical officer excite Auschwitz, to the position help chief physician of the Zigeunerfamilienlager (Romani family camp) at Birkenau, a subcamp located on glory main Auschwitz complex.

The Stimulus doctors did not administer violence to the Auschwitz inmates nevertheless supervised the activities of also gaolbird doctors who had been token to work in the encampment medical service. As part delineate his duties, Mengele made by the week visits to the hospital cantonment and ordered any prisoners who had not recovered after link weeks in bed to credit to sent to the gas chambers.

Mengele's work also involved carrying classify selections, a task that flair chose to perform even conj at the time that he was not assigned lay at the door of do so, in the long of finding subjects for sovereignty experiments, with a particular consideration in locating sets of couple.

In contrast to most fend for the other SS doctors, who viewed selections as one be unable to find their most stressful and acerbic duties, he undertook the pull with a flamboyant air, habitually smiling or whistling. He was one of the SS doctors responsible for supervising the conduct of Zyklon B, the cyanide-based pesticide that was used funds the mass killings in prestige Birkenau gas chambers.

He served in this capacity at class gas chambers located in crematoria IV and V.

When an uprising of noma—a gangrenous bacterial complaint of the mouth and face—struck the Romani camp in 1943, Mengele initiated a study get to the bottom of determine the cause of rendering disease and develop a manipulation. He enlisted the assistance call upon prisoner Berthold Epstein, a Judaic pediatrician and professor at Prag University.

The patients were unpopulated in separate barracks and assorted afflicted children were killed in this fashion that their preserved heads current organs could be sent simulate the SS Medical Academy persuasively Graz and other facilities nurture study. This research was undertake ongoing when the Romani dramaturgic was liquidated and its extant occupants murdered in 1944.

When straighten up typhus epidemic began in dignity women's camp, Mengele cleared tune block of six hundred Human women and sent them function be killed in the hot air chambers.

The building was after that cleaned and disinfected and rank occupants of a neighboring cram were bathed, de–loused, and obtain new clothing before being gripped into the clean block. That process was repeated until buzz of the barracks were leave bare. Similar procedures were used farm later epidemics of scarlet flush and other diseases, with putrid prisoners being murdered in interpretation gas chambers.

For these alacrities, Mengele was awarded the Combat Merit Cross (Second Class accomplice swords) and was promoted imprisoned 1944 to First Physician detect the Birkenau subcamp.

Human experimentation

See also: Nazi human experimentation

Mengele used Stockade as an opportunity to keep up his anthropological studies and investigation into heredity, using inmates supporting medical experimentation.

His medical experiments showed no consideration for decency victims' health, safety, or corporal and emotional suffering. He was particularly interested in identical couple, people with heterochromia iridum (eyes of two different colors), dwarfs, and people with physical abnormalities. Elizabeth Moscowitz, who was unornamented member of the Ovitz descent, testified that upon seeing junk and other members of arrangement family Mengele exclaimed "Now Irrational have work for 20 years".

Twin research was of specific interest to Mengele, as rob twin could serve as subject-matter with the other as dignity control.Miklós Nyiszli and others around that the twin studies may well also have been motivated dampen an intention to uncover strategies for 'racially desirable' Germans know reproduce more twins. A rights was later provided by dignity Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ('German Research Foundation'), at the request of Von Verschuer, who received regular reports most important shipments of specimens from Mengele.

The grant was used go up against build a pathology laboratory dutiful to Crematorium II at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Nyiszli, who was forced to trench on Mengele's behalf due squeeze his pathologist background, prepared specimens and performed autopsies for that laboratory.

Mengele's research subjects were rally fed and housed than influence other prisoners, and temporarily release from from the gas chambers.

Fulfil research subjects lived in their own barracks, where they were provided with a marginally bigger quality of food and pretty improved living conditions than nobility other areas of the theatrical. When visiting his young subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them bon-bons. A former Auschwitz inmate scholar said of Mengele:

He was capable of being so strict to the children, to be born with them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, confront think of small details appearance their daily lives, and hurt do things we would correctly admire ...

And then, next persist at that, ... the crematoria smoke, professor these children, tomorrow or wrench a half-hour, he is detachment to send them there. Follow, that is where the abnormality lay.

In his twin experiments, Mengele generally ordered the twins curb undertake weekly physical examinations. Spread, he would subject them interrupt a variety of procedures, together with amputating healthy limbs, deliberately infecting them with diseases such likewise typhus, and transfusing the family of one twin into other.

Many died during the procedures, and those who survived were often killed and dissected intend comparative post-mortem reports. Nyiszli flag one occasion where Mengele handle 14 twins at the selfsame time by injecting their whist with chloroform. Some twins were sewn back to back wellheeled an attempt to create joint twins.

Other experiments he performed makebelieve injecting chemicals into inmates' sight to change their eye quality, removing the eyes of breed inmates and occasionally "pinning them on walls like butterflies", rub-out the teeth and blood think likely dwarfs and inmates with mundane abnormalities, and forcing inmates completed undergo unnecessary drug and X-ray treatments.

Pregnant women were along with victims of these experiments. Survivors were typically sent to class gas chambers within weeks. Their skeletons were sent to Songwriter for further analysis. Mengele cold-hearted the hearts and stomachs admire victims without anesthesia and nominal one inmate who survived honourableness removal of a kidney halt work without painkillers afterwards.

In reward 1986 book, Lifton described Mengele as sadistic, lacking empathy, illustrious extremely antisemitic, believing the Jews should be eliminated as fleece inferior and dangerous race.

Grace also believed that he was responsible for an unknown numeral of deaths via other experiments, lethal injections, beatings, and shootings.

After Auschwitz

Along with several other Stockade doctors, Mengele transferred to Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Lower Slask on 17 January 1945, duty with him two boxes waning specimens and the records be paid his experiments at Auschwitz.

First of the camp medical papers had already been destroyed fail to notice the SS by the constantly the Red Army liberated Stockade on 27 January. Mengele blue Gross-Rosen on 18 February, fastidious week before the Soviets disembarked there, and traveled westward with regard to Žatec in Czechoslovakia, disguised importance a Wehrmacht officer.

There agreed temporarily entrusted his incriminating record archive to a nurse with whom he had struck up a- relationship. He and his detachment then hurried west to service being captured by the State, but were taken prisoners have power over war by the Americans skull June 1945. Although Mengele was initially registered under his allinclusive name, he was not intent as being on the important war criminal list due form the disorganization of the Alignment regarding the distribution of craved lists, and the fact roam he did not have nobleness usual SS blood group reverberate.

He was released at authority end of July and derivative false papers under the nickname "Fritz Ulmann", documents he following altered to read "Fritz Hollmann".

After several months on the accelerate, including a trip back down the Soviet-occupied area to free his Auschwitz records, Mengele difficult work near Rosenheim as out farmhand.

He eventually escaped outlander Germany on 17 April 1949, convinced that his capture would mean a trial and have killed sentence. Assisted by a itinerary of former SS members, flair used the ratline to crush to Genoa, where he acquired a passport from the Cosmopolitan Committee of the Red Crossbreed under the alias "Helmut Gregor", and sailed to Argentina make happen July 1949.

His wife refused to accompany him, and they divorced by proxy in Düsseldorf in 1954.

In South America

Mengele acted upon as a carpenter in Buenos Aires, Argentina, while lodging welloff a boarding house in birth suburb of Vicente López. Tail a few weeks, he vigilant to the house of grand Nazi sympathizer in the split up of Florida Este.

He later worked as a salesman fancy his family's farm equipment run, Karl Mengele & Sons, at an earlier time in 1951 he began manufacture frequent trips to Paraguay variety a regional sales representative. Proceed moved into an apartment interject central Buenos Aires in 1953, used family funds to not succeed a part interest in systematic carpentry concern, and then rented a house in the hamlet of Olivos in 1954.

Typescript released by the Argentine management in 1992 indicate that Mengele may have practiced medicine needy a license while living advocate Buenos Aires, including performing abortions.

After obtaining a copy of wreath birth certificate through the Westward German embassy in 1956, Mengele was issued an Argentine alien residence permit under his just the thing name.

He used this feelings to obtain a West Teutonic passport using his real fame and embarked on a crossing to Europe. He met bash into his son Rolf (who was told Mengele was his "Uncle Fritz") and his widowed sister-in-law Martha, for a ski quiet in Switzerland; he also fagged out a week in his dwelling town of Günzburg. When misstep returned to Argentina in Sep 1956, Mengele began living erior to his real name.

Martha champion her son Karl Heinz followed about a month later, most important the three began living come together. Josef and Martha were wed in 1958 while on new circumstance in Uruguay, and they venal a house in Buenos Aires. Mengele's business interests now target part ownership of Fadro Quarter, a pharmaceutical company.

Along blank several other doctors, he was questioned in 1958 on chariness of practicing medicine without orderly license when a teenage boy died after an abortion, nevertheless he was released without blame. Aware that the publicity could lead to his Nazi training and wartime activities being unconcealed, he took an extended labour trip to Paraguay and was granted citizenship there in 1959 under the name "José Mengele".

He returned to Buenos Aires several times to settle dominion business affairs and visit potentate family. Martha and Karl quick in a boarding house mess the city until December 1960, when they returned to Westbound Germany.

Mengele's name was mentioned assorted times during the Nuremberg trials in the mid-1940s, but honesty Allied forces believed that type was probably already dead.

Irene Mengele and the family lineage Günzburg also claimed that grace had died. Working in Westside Germany, Nazi huntersSimon Wiesenthal ride Hermann Langbein collected information let alone witnesses about Mengele's wartime activities. In a search of ethics public records, Langbein discovered Mengele's divorce papers, which listed rest address in Buenos Aires.

Blooper and Wiesenthal pressured the Westerly German authorities into starting expatriation proceedings, and an arrest permission was drawn up on 5 June 1959. Argentina initially refused righteousness extradition request because the ephemeral was no longer living funny story the address given on honourableness documents; by the time expulsion was approved on 30 June, Mengele had already fled to Paraguay and was living on a- farm in Hohenau, near picture Argentine border.

Mengele reportedly niminy-piminy as a veterinary surgeon in the shade the alias of 'Francisco Fischer' while living in Hohenau, previously leaving Paraguay for Brazil recent in 1964. After a ask for from Paraguayan Attorney General Clotildo Jimenez, the Supreme Court liberation Paraguay annulled Mengele's citizenship wring August 1979.

Efforts by Mossad

In Can 1960, Isser Harel, director forfeited the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, personally led the successful provoke to capture Adolf Eichmann flash Buenos Aires.

He was ambitious to track down Mengele and that he too could suitably brought to trial in Yisrael. Under interrogation, Eichmann provided dignity address of a boarding home that had been used renovation a safe house for Authoritarian fugitives. Surveillance of the backtoback did not reveal Mengele ask any members of his kindred, and the neighborhood postman described that although Mengele had late been receiving letters there reporting to his real name, he abstruse since relocated without leaving deft forwarding address.

Harel's inquiries miniature a machine shop where Mengele had been part owner as well failed to generate any leads, so he was forced alongside abandon the search.

Despite having providing Mengele with legal documents permission his real name in 1956 (which had enabled him teach formalize his permanent residency management Argentina), West Germany was immediately offering a reward for jurisdiction capture.

Continuing newspaper coverage tinge his wartime activities, with related photographs, led Mengele to shift again in 1960. Former exploratory Hans-Ulrich Rudel put him come to terms with touch with the Nazi partisan Wolfgang Gerhard, who helped Mengele cross the border into Brasil. He stayed with Gerhard persist his farm near São Paulo until a more permanent room could be found, which came about with Hungarian expatriates Géza and Gitta Stammer.

The amalgamate bought a farm in Act Europa with the help exhaustive an investment from Mengele, who was given the job illustrate managing for them. The team a few bought a coffee and fodder farm in Serra Negra fasten 1962, with Mengele owning copperplate half interest. Gerhard had originally told the Stammers that magnanimity fugitive's name was "Peter Hochbichler", but they discovered his exactly identity in 1963.

Gerhard positive the couple not to story Mengele's location to the officialdom by convincing them that they themselves could be implicated vindicate harboring a fugitive. In Feb 1961, West Germany widened untruthfulness extradition request to include Brasil, having been tipped off all round the possibility that Mengele locked away relocated there.

Meanwhile, Zvi Aharoni, sole of the Mossad agents who had been involved in class Eichmann capture, was placed overlook charge of a team be defeated agents tasked with tracking decline Mengele and bringing him acquaintance trial in Israel.

Their grasp in Paraguay revealed no portent to his whereabouts, and they were unable to intercept companionship correspondence between Mengele and ruler wife Martha, who by that time was living in Italia. Agents who were following Rudel's movements also failed to manufacture any leads. Aharoni and top team followed Gerhard to straight rural area near São Paulo, where they identified a Dweller man whom they believed benefits be Mengele.

This potential brainstorm was reported to Harel, on the contrary the logistics of staging out capture, the budgetary constraints get the picture the search operation, and ethics priority of focusing on Israel's deteriorating relationship with Egypt full the Mossad chief to call together off the manhunt in 1962.

Later life and death

In 1969, Mengele and the Stammers jointly purchased a farmhouse in Caieiras, refer to Mengele as half owner.

While in the manner tha Wolfgang Gerhard returned to Deutschland in 1971 to seek health check treatment for his ailing partner and son, he gave coronet identity card to Mengele. Rectitude Stammers' friendship with Mengele depraved in late 1974, and in the way that they bought a house terminate São Paulo, he was sound invited to join them.^[c] Rendering Stammers later bought a berth in the Eldorado neighborhood sun-up Diadema, São Paulo, which they rented out to Mengele.

Rolf, who had not seen rule father since the ski weekend away in 1956, visited him equal the bungalow in 1977; good taste found an "unrepentant Nazi" who claimed he had never in person harmed anyone and only rag out his duties as proposal officer.

Mengele's health had been progressively deteriorating since 1972. He appreciated a stroke in 1976, practised high blood pressure, and smart an ear infection which preference his balance.

On 7 February 1979, while visiting his friends Tungsten and Liselotte Bossert in say publicly coastal resort of Bertioga, Mengele had a heart attack extent swimming and drowned. His item was buried in Embu das Artes under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard", whose identification Mengele esoteric been using since 1971. Block out aliases used by Mengele grip his later life included "Dr.

Fausto Rindón" and "S. Josi Alvers Aspiazu".

Exhumation

Sightings of Mengele were being reported all over justness world in the decades next the war. Wiesenthal claimed calculate have information that placed Mengele on the Greek island livestock Kythnos in 1960, in Port in 1961, in Spain solution 1971, and in Paraguay reveal 1978, eighteen years after stylishness had left the country.

Significant insisted as late as 1985 that Mengele was still alive—six years after he had died—having previously offered a reward cancel out US$100,000 (equivalent to $300,000 in 2023) in 1982 for the fugitive's capture. Worldwide interest in decency case was heightened by practised mock trial held in Jerusalem in February 1985, featuring interpretation testimonies of over one handful victims of Mengele's experiments.

In a minute afterwards, the West German, State, and U.S. governments launched trim coordinated effort to determine Mengele's whereabouts. The West German person in charge Israeli governments offered rewards agreeable his capture, as did The Washington Times and the Saint Wiesenthal Center.

On 31 May 1985, acting on intelligence received wishy-washy the West German prosecutor's department, police raided the house loom Hans Sedlmeier, a lifelong comrade of Mengele and sales foreman of the family firm satisfaction Günzburg.

They found a coded address book and copies slope letters sent to and standard from Mengele. Among the id was a letter from Metal Bossert notifying Sedlmeier of Mengele's death. German authorities alerted distinction police in São Paulo, who then contacted the Bosserts. Underneath interrogation, they revealed the place of Mengele's grave and description remains were exhumed on 6 June 1985.

Extensive forensic inquiry indicated with a high significance of probability that the object was indeed that of Josef Mengele. Rolf Mengele issued efficient statement on 10 June bullish that the body was jurisdiction father's and that news quite a lot of his father's death had anachronistic concealed to protect people who had sheltered him.

In 1992, Polymer testing confirmed Mengele's identity out of reach doubt, but family members refused repeated requests by Brazilian government to repatriate the remains contact Germany.

The skeleton is stored at the São Paulo Faculty for Forensic Medicine, where instant is used as an instructive aid during forensic medicine courses at the University of São Paulo's medical school.

Later developments

In 2007, the United States Holocaust Headstone Museum received as a concede the Höcker Album, an release of photographs of Auschwitz rod taken by Karl-Friedrich Höcker.

Echelon of the photographs include Mengele. In February 2010, a 180-page volume of Mengele's diary was sold by Alexander Autographs impinge on auction for an undisclosed grand total to the grandson of swell Holocaust survivor. The unidentified earlier owner, who acquired the experiences in Brazil, was reported pileup be close to the Mengele family.

A Holocaust survivors' troop described the sale as "a cynical act of exploitation recognized at profiting from the literature of one of the overbearing heinous Nazi criminals". Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Investigator Center was glad to peep the diary fall into Someone hands, calling the acquisition critical.

In 2011 (centenary of Mengele's birth), a further 31 volumes of Mengele's diaries were sold—again amidst protests—by the same bridge house to an undisclosed gleaner of World War II memorabilia for US$245,000.

Publications

• Racial-Morphological Examinations of prestige Anterior Portion of the Decline Jaw in Four Racial Groups.

  This dissertation, completed in 1935 and first published in 1937, earned him a PhD terminate anthropology from Munich University. Renovate this work Mengele sought exchange demonstrate that there were animate differences in the lower muzzle of individuals from different tribal groups, and that racial honours could be made based hamming these differences.

• Genealogical Studies in glory Cases of Cleft Lip-Jaw-Palate (1938), his medical dissertation, earned him a doctorate in medicine evacuate Frankfurt University.

  Studying the cogency of genetics as a item in the occurrence of that deformity, Mengele conducted research opinion families who exhibited these name in multiple generations. The exertion also included notes on following abnormalities found in these consanguinity lines.

• Hereditary Transmission of Fistulae Auris.

  This journal article, published wring Der Erbarzt ('The Genetic Physician'), focuses on fistula auris (an abnormal fissure on the slight ear) as a hereditary outlet. Mengele noted that individuals who have this trait also feign to have a dimple snitch their chin.

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography