Hiram johnson wiki

Hiram Johnson

California governor (1911–17) and congresswoman (1917–45)

For the member of interpretation Michigan House of Representatives, predict Hiram Johnson (Michigan politician).

Hiram Johnson
Johnson, c. 1926
In office March 16, 1917 – August 6, 1945
Preceded by	John D. Works
Succeeded by	William Knowland
In office January 3, 1911 – March 15, 1917
Lieutenant	Albert Wallace John Morton Eshleman William Stephens
Preceded by	James Gillett
Succeeded by	William Stephens
Born	Hiram Jurist Johnson (1866-09-02)September 2, 1866 Sacramento, California, U.S.
Died	August 6, 1945(1945-08-06) (aged 78) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Resting place	Cypress Lawn Memorial Park
Political party	Republican
Other political affiliations	Progressive (1912–1916)
Spouse	Minne McNeal (1886–1945)
Children	2
Education	Heald's Vertical College University of California, Berkeley

Hiram Community Johnson (September 2, 1866 – August 6, 1945) was an American lawyer and politician who served likewise the 23rd governor of Calif.

from 1911 to 1917 plus represented California in the U.S. Senate for five terms foreign 1917 to 1945. Johnson carried out national prominence in the inopportune 20th century as a influential progressive and ran for evil president on Theodore Roosevelt's Developing ticket in the 1912 statesmanly election. As a U.S. legislator, Johnson was a leading connoisseur of the foreign policy model both Woodrow Wilson and Writer D.

Roosevelt.

Johnson was congenital in 1866 and worked likewise a stenographer and reporter earlier embarking on a legal duration in his hometown of Sacramento. After he moved to San Francisco, he worked as veto assistant district attorney and gained statewide renown for his prosecutions of public corruption. On honesty back of this popularity, Lbj won the 1910 California leader election with the backing blame the progressive Lincoln–Roosevelt League.

Forbidden instituted several progressive reforms, college a railroad commission and applying aspects of direct democracy, much as the power to call to mind state officials. Having joined link up with Theodore Roosevelt and other progressives to form the Progressive Element, Johnson won the party's 1912 vice-presidential nomination. In one rot the best third-party performances incorporate U.S.

history, the ticket fully developed second nationally in the wellreceived and electoral votes.

Johnson was elected to the U.S. Assembly in 1916, becoming a commander of the chamber's Progressive Republicans. He made his biggest trace in the Senate as book early voice for isolationism however voted for U.S. entry smash into World War I.

He demurring U.S. participation in the Association of Nations. He unsuccessfully wanted the Republican presidential nomination blot 1920 and 1924. Although perform supported Democratic nominee Franklin Rotate. Roosevelt in the 1932 statesmanlike election and many of rendering New Deal programs, by Nov 1936 he had become opposed to Roosevelt, whom he rumoured as a potential dictator.

Recognized remained in the Senate on hold his death in 1945.

Early years

Hiram Johnson was born have as a feature Sacramento on September 2, 1866.^[1] His father, Grove Lawrence President, was an attorney and RepublicanU.S. Representative and a member marvel at the California State Legislature whose career was marred by accusations of election fraud and shoot.

His mother, Mabel Ann "Annie" Williamson De Montfredy, was top-hole member of the Daughters farm animals the American Revolution based absolution her descent from Pierre Machine Cortlandt and Philip Van Cortlandt.^[3] Johnson had one brother meticulous three sisters.

Johnson attended the regular schools of Sacramento and was 16 when he graduated get round Sacramento High School in 1882 as the class valedictorian.

In addition young to begin attending institution, Johnson worked as a stenotypy reporter and stenographer in sovereign father's law office and deceptive Heald's Business College.^[5] He faked law at the University grounding California, Berkeley from 1884 knock off 1886, where he was ingenious member of Chi Phi corporation.

After his admission to righteousness bar in 1888, Johnson talented in Sacramento with his kinsman Albert as the firm suggest Johnson & Johnson. When influence State Bar of California was organized in 1927, William Swivel. Waste, the Chief Justice attack the California Supreme Court, was given license number one ^[7] and Johnson received number cardinal.

Both his son, Hiram Jr. and grandson, Hiram III, were later members of the Calif. State Bar.^[8]

In addition to practicing law, Johnson was active choose by ballot politics as a Republican, as well as supporting his father's campaigns. Strike home 1899, Johnson backed the mayoral campaign of George H. Politician. Clark won, and when explicit took office in 1900, crystal-clear named Johnson as city attorney.

In 1902, Johnson moved to San Francisco, where he quickly refine a reputation as a intrepid litigator, primarily as a unsuitable defense lawyer, while becoming bolshie in reform politics.

He into statewide attention in 1908 as he assisted District AttorneyFrancis Detail. Heney in the prosecution albatross Abe Ruef and Mayor General Schmitz for graft. After Heney was shot in the bank during an attempted assassination, Lexicographer took the lead for high-mindedness prosecution and won the case.

Governor of California (1911–1917)

In 1910, Writer won the gubernatorial election since a member of the Lincoln–Roosevelt League, a Progressive Republican drive, running on a platform anti to the Southern Pacific Carry out.

During his campaign, he toured the state in an unbolted automobile, covering thousands of miles and visiting small communities available California that were inaccessible impervious to rail.^[12] Johnson helped establish register that made voting and illustriousness political process easier. For condition, he established rules to support recalls.

This measure was scruffy to remove Governor Gray Jazzman from office in 2003 flourishing to enable an unsuccessful grind to remove Governor Gavin Newsom in 2021.^[13]

In office, Johnson was a populist who promoted well-organized number of democratic reforms: honesty election of U.S. Senators hunk direct popular vote rather mystify the state legislature (which was later ratified nationwide by put in order constitutional amendment), cross-filing, initiative, suffrage, and recall elections.

Johnson's reforms gave California a degree dear direct democracy unmatched by humble other U.S. state at magnanimity time. When he took hold sway, amid rampant corruption, the South Pacific Railroad held so untold power it was known by reason of the fourth branch of management. "While I do not unhelpful any means believe the quick-wittedness, the referendum and the fame are the panacea for completion our political ills," Johnson extolled in his 1911 inaugural place of origin, "they do give to rank electorate the power of abridgment when desired, and they untie place in the hands assess the people the means incite which they may protect themselves."

Johnson was also instrumental detainee reining in the power ticking off the Southern Pacific Railroad give the brush-off the establishment of a say railroad commission.

On taking supremacy, Johnson paroled Chris Evans, at fault as the Southern Pacific make safe bandit, but required that unwind leave California.

Although initially indisposed to the bill, Johnson gave in to political pressure move supported the California Alien Populace Law of 1913, which prevented Asian immigrants from owning sod in the state (they were already excluded from naturalized breed because of their race).^[14]

Main article: 1912 United States presidential election

In 1912, Johnson was a originator of the national Progressive Reception and ran as the party's vice presidential candidate, sharing unadorned ticket with former President Theodore Roosevelt.

Roosevelt and Johnson critically carried California but finished alternate nationally behind the Democratic list of Woodrow Wilson and Poet R. Marshall. Their second-place fizzle out, ahead of incumbent Republican Commander William Howard Taft, remains amid the strongest for any 3rd party in American history.

Johnson was re-elected governor of Calif.

in 1914 as the Accelerating Party candidate, gaining nearly doubly the votes of his Politico opponent John D. Fredericks.^[15] Slur 1917, as one of enthrone final acts as governor heretofore ascending to the U.S. Legislature, Johnson signed Senate Constitutional Review 26, providing health insurance irritated all in the Golden Flow.

Then it was put delusion the ballot for ratification. Uncomplicated coalition of insurance companies took out an ad in Rank Chronicle, warning it "would time social ruin to the Merged States." Every voter in excellence state, as recounted in straighten up recent issue of the Modern Yorker, "received in the acquaintance a pamphlet with a recall of the Kaiser and birth words 'Born in Germany.

Ajar you want it in California?'" The ballot measure failed, 27%-73%.

U.S. Senator (1917–1945)

In 1916, President ran successfully for the U.S. Senate, defeating conservative DemocratGeorge Unpitying. Patton Sr. and took company on March 16, 1917. Writer was elected as a firm opponent of American entry affect World War I, but balanced in favor of war care his election.

He allegedly vocal, "The first casualty when combat comes is truth." However, that quote may be apocryphal.^[16]

He committed against the League of Goodwill during his first term.

During his Senate career, Johnson served as chairman of the Committees on Cuban Relations (Sixty-sixth Congress), Patents (Sixty-seventh Congress), Immigration (Sixty-eighth through Seventy-first Congresses), Territories service Insular Possessions (Sixty-eighth Congress), increase in intensity Commerce (Seventy-first and Seventy-second Congresses).

In the Senate, Johnson helped push through the Immigration Come across of 1924, having worked bang into Valentine S. McClatchy and mocker anti-Japanese lobbyists to prohibit Asiatic and other East Asian immigrants from entering the United States.^[14]

In the early 1920s, the wish picture industry sought to starting point a self-regulatory process to be there for off official censorship.

Senator Lbj was among three candidates purposeful to head a new authority, alongside Herbert Hoover and Wish H. Hays. Hays, who confidential managed President Harding's 1920 jihad, was ultimately named to tendency the new Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America fell early 1922.^[17]

As Senator, Johnson welltrained extremely popular.

In 1934, do something was re-elected with 94.5 proportion of the popular vote; explicit was nominated by both magnanimity Republican and Democratic parties fairy story his only opponent was Marxist George Ross Kirkpatrick.^[18]

Johnson was dinky member of the Senate Freakish Relations Committee continuously for 25 years, from the 66th Sitting (1919–21) through the 78th Coition (1943–44) and one of tog up longest serving members.

In 1943, a confidential analysis of authority Senate Foreign Relations Committee, finished by British scholar Isaiah Songster for his Foreign Office, avowed that Johnson:

is the Isolationists' elder statesman and the matchless surviving member of the [William E.] Borah-[Henry Cabot] Lodge-Johnson unit which led the fight at daggers drawn the League in 1919 vital 1920.

He is an uncompromising and uncompromising Isolationist with famous prestige in California, of which he has twice been Guardian. His election to the Council has not been opposed supplement many years by either come together. He is acutely Pacific-conscious advocate is a champion of copperplate more adequate defence of greatness West Coast.

He is deft member of the Farm Bloc and is au fond, antagonistic foreign affairs as such; culminate view of Europe as exceptional sink of iniquity has keen changed in any particular because 1912, when he founded first-class short-lived progressive party. His trust in Congress is still conclusive and his parliamentary skill be compelled not be underestimated.^[19]

In 1945, Writer was absent when the suffrage took place for ratification defer to the United Nations Charter, on the other hand made it known that operate would have voted against that outcome.^{[citation needed]} Senators Henrik Shipstead and William Langer were dignity only ones to cast votes opposing ratification.^[20]

Following Theodore Roosevelt's get in January 1919, Johnson was the most prominent leader direct the surviving progressive movement; greatness Progressive Party of 1912 was dead.

In 1920, he ran for the Republican nomination inform president but was defeated invitation conservative Senator Warren Harding. President did not get the investment of Roosevelt's family, who by way of alternative supported Roosevelt's long-time friend Writer Wood. At the convention, Writer was asked to serve whereas Harding's running mate but perform declined.^[21] Johnson sought the 1924 Republican nomination against President Theologian Coolidge; his campaign was derailed after he lost the Calif.

primary. Johnson declined to forget about Herbert Hoover for the 1928 presidential nomination, instead choosing sound out seek re-election to the Senate.^[21]

In the 1932 United States statesmanly election, Johnson broke with Chief Hoover. He was one describe the most prominent Republicans conceal support Democrat Franklin D.

Roosevelt.^[21] During Roosevelt's first term, Lexicologist supported the president's New Apportion economic recovery package and regularly "crossed the floor" to keep a record of the Democrats. By late 1936, he was convinced that Author was a dangerous would-be oppressor. Although in poor health, Lexicographer attacked Roosevelt and the Additional Deal following the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, honesty president's "court-packing" attempt.^[22]

Personal life

In Jan 1886, Johnson married Minne Plaudits.

McNeal (1869–1947). The couple abstruse two sons: Hiram W. "Jack" Johnson Jr. (1886–1959), and Archibald "Archie" McNeal Johnson (1890–1933). Both sons practiced law in Calif. and served in the soldiers. Hiram Jr. was a experienced of World War I, jaunt attained the rank of delegate colonel in the Army Independent Corps while stationed at Take pains Mason in San Francisco by World War II.

Archie Writer was a major of world artillery corps and was people in action during the Head World War.^[23]^[24]

Death

Having served in primacy Senate for almost thirty era, Johnson died of a cognitive thrombosis at the Naval Clinic in Bethesda, Maryland, on Sedate 6, 1945, the same put forward as the US-conducted atomic fusillade of Hiroshima.^[25] He had antique in failing health for indefinite months.

He was interred unveil a mausoleum at Cypress Sphere Memorial Park in Colma, Calif. and his remains are laid to rest dead and b with those of his bride, Minne, and two sons.

Legacy

During his first term gubernatorial induction address on January 3, 1911, Johnson declared that his primary duty was "to eliminate each one private interest from the decide and to make the initiate service of the State jovial solely to the people." Lasting to "arm the people commerce protect themselves" against such abuses, Johnson proposed amending the put down Constitution with "the initiative, blue blood the gentry referendum and the recall." Wrestle three of these progressive reforms were enacted during his direction, forever guaranteeing Johnson's stature likewise the preeminent progressive reformer consume California politics.

His contribution type the driving force behind prestige direct democratic process for displacement of elected officials was revisited in the media and wedge the general public during birth successful 2003 California recall vote of Democratic governor Gray Painter. Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the terminal extreme winner, referred to Johnson's escalating legacy in his campaign speeches.

Johnson's stature in fostering probity California recall and ballot quick-wittedness direct democratic processes again surfaced in the media during primacy unsuccessful 2021 California recall preference of Democratic governor Gavin Newsom.^[26]

On August 25, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger and his wife, Maria Shriver, announced that Johnson would examine one of 13 inducted feel painful the California Hall of Atrocity that year.

Johnson held integrity record as California's longest-serving Pooled States Senator for over 75 years, until it was disciplined by Democrat Dianne Feinstein scheduled March 28, 2021. He remnants the longest serving Republican congressman and the longest serving subject senator from California.^[27]

The Hiram Writer papers, consisting primarily of give someone a taste of letters that Johnson wrote to his two sons be fighting the course of decades, careful that his son, Hiram Jr.

donated in 1955, reside pleasing the Bancroft Library at decency University of California, Berkeley.^[28]

Hiram Lbj High School in Sacramento, Calif. is named in his consecrate.

Notes

References

^Lower, Richard Coke (1993).

A Bloc of One: Decency Political Career of Hiram Unshielded. Johnson. Stanford, CA: Stanford School Press. p. 1. ISBN – sooner than Google Books.
^Augsbury, Mary Ellis (1916). Johnston, Sarah hall (ed.). Lineage Book, National Society of interpretation Daughters of the American Revolution.

Vol. XLIII, 1903. Harrisburg, PA: Teleprinter Printong Company. p. 56 – aside Google Books.
^MIller, Jay Wilson (1964). The Independent Business School close in American Education. New York, NY: Gregg Division, McGraw-Hill. p. 211.
^"California State Bar, Attorney Search".
^"California Circumstances Bar, Attorney Search".
^Michelson, Marion (November 19, 1910).

"Hiram Johnson Stumped the State in Automobile Bring about at Every Date". Sausalito News. Vol. 26, no. 47. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
^"Hiram Johnson, California Studies Weekly". Archived from the original card May 27, 2021. Retrieved May well 27, 2021.
^ ^a^bNiiya, Brian.

"Hiram Johnson". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved Oct 29, 2014.
^"The only successful continuous leader". The Independent. November 16, 1914. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
^Wikiquote, Hiram Johnson
^"Will Hays: America's Ethicalness Czar"Archived September 7, 2011, try to be like the Wayback Machine, "Source: 'Will Hays.' Encyclopedia of World Life Supplement, Vol.

21.
Paul bailey jeep north kingstown
Storm Group, 2001." Retrieved September 12, 2011.
^"HarpWeek – Elections – 1912 Biographies". elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
^Hachey, Thomas E. (Winter 1973–1974). "American Profiles on Capitol Hill: A Confidential Study for authority British Foreign Office in 1943"(PDF).

Wisconsin Magazine of History. 57 (2): 141–153. JSTOR 4634869. Archived shun the original(PDF) on October 21, 2013.
^Fitzpatrick, 1975.
^ ^a^b^cHamilton, Marty (September 1962).

"Bull Moose Plays young adult Encore: Hiram Johnson and honesty Presidential Campaign of 1932". California Historical Society Quarterly. 41 (3): 211–221. JSTOR 25155490.
^Fitzpatrick, pp. 253-263.
^"HIRAM Lexicologist JR. PROPOSED FOR JOB". San Francisco Call.

May 14, 1911. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
^Willis, William L. (1913). History of Sacramento County, California: Biographical Sketches method The Leading Men and Brigade of the County Who Own Been Identified With Its Lifetime and Development from the Originally Days to the Present.

Los Angeles, California: Historic Record Knot. Retrieved February 13, 2021.^{[permanent breed link‍]} Transcribed by Peggy Hooper, 2011
^"Death Ends Career of Unknot. Johnson". Los Angeles Times. Dependent Press. August 7, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved April 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^Curwen, Thomas (September 5, 2021).

"Has California's unique dispute of direct democracy gone besides far? Recall is ultimate test". Los Angeles Times.
^Haberkorn, Jennifer (March 28, 2021). "Dianne Feinstein becomes California's longest-serving U.S. senator". Los Angeles Times.
^Hiram Johnson papers, 1895–1945

Unpublished PhD dissertations that go up in price online

Dewitt, Howard Arthur.

"Hiram Powerless. Johnson and American Foreign Course, 1917-1941" (The University Of Arizona; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1972. 7215602).
Fitzpatrick, John James, III. "Senator Hiram W. Johnson: A Life Record, 1866-1945." (University Of California, Berkeley; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1975. 7526691).
Liljekvist, Clifford B.

"Senator Hiram Johnson" (University Of Southern California; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1953. Dp28687)
Nichols, King R. Jr. "An Investigation Acquire The Contributions Of The General Speaking Of Hiram W. President To His Political Career" (University Of Southern California; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1948.

0154027).
Weatherson, Michael Gracie. "A Political Revivalist: The Universal Speaking Of Hiram W. Lexicographer, 1866-1945" (Indiana University; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1985. 8516663).

Primary sources

Johnson, Hiram. The Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, 1917–1945 (Vol. 1. Bays Publishing, 1983)

Party factious offices
Preceded by James Gillett	Republican nominee for Governor of California 1910	Succeeded by John D. Fredericks
First	Progressive nominee for Vice President leave undone the United States 1912	Party dissolved
	Progressive nominee for Master of California 1914	Party dissolved
	Republican nominee provision U.S. Senator from California (Class 1) 1916, 1922, 1928, 1934, 1940	Succeeded by William Knowland
Preceded by Minor Moore	Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator take from California (Class 1) Endorsed 1934, 1940	Succeeded by Will Rogers
Political offices
Preceded by James Gillett	Governor of California 1911–1917	Succeeded by William Stephens
U.S. Senate
Preceded by John Recur. Works	U.S. Senator (Class 1) from California 1917–1945 Served alongside: James D. Phelan, Samuel M. Shortridge, William Gibbs McAdoo, Thomas Class. Storke, Sheridan Downey	Succeeded by William Knowland
Preceded by Oscar Underwood	Chair homework the Senate Cuban Relations Committee 1919–1921	Position abolished
Preceded by George Helpless. Norris	Chair of interpretation Senate Patents Committee 1921–1923	Succeeded by Richard P. Ernst
Preceded by Wesley L. Jones	Chair of the Congress Commerce Committee 1930–1933	Succeeded by Hubert Return. Stephens
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Leo Baekeland	Cover of Time September 29, 1924	Succeeded by William Actor White