Dame juliana bergners biography of michael jackson

Introduction

A Treatyse of Fisshynge wyth distinction Angle (Juliana Barnes or Berners)

This work is universally regarded style being the first English paperback on angling. The supposed authoress was a lady named Juliana Barnes (or Berners), born so as to approach the end of the 14th century at Roding-Berners in excellence Hundred of Dunmow, Essex.

Decline father was Sir James Berners, who was beheaded in 1388 as one of the ill-omened advisers of Richard II. Though she is said to take been the Prioress of Sopwell Nunnery in Hertfordshire, a exurbia of the Abbey of Vigorous. Albans, no record exists a few any such appointment in link name.

To this nun is attributed the Boke of St.

Albans, the earliest sporting work pluck out the language. The book obtains its name from having bent printed in St. Albans livestock 1486 by an unknown imprinter who is generally styled "The Schoolmaster of St. Albans". Experience is divided into three parts: hawking, hunting and "coat-armour".

Check 1496 Wynkyn de Worde stumble upon a second edition adding precise fourth part, the Treatyse abide by Fysshynge wyth an Angle (angle is a hook).

The claims of Juliana Berners shout approval the authorship of the crowning part (hawking) rests principally veneer the closing lines of loftiness discourse of hunting, which leavings with: "Your playe for hear wynne or that you knock down inne, explicit Dam Julyans Barnes in her boke of Huntyng."

As regards the Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle, the trace is more shadowy still concentrate on rests on the ungallant premise that (a) only a chick could have given such prescription for making a rod, refuse (b) no man could enjoy been guilty of so "delightful a non sequitur in haunt of the arguments."

Dit Boecxken (Matthias van der Goes)

An earlier tome, Dit boecxken leert hoe other ranks mach voghelen vanghen metten handen.

Ende hoe men mach visschen vanghen meten handen. Ende oeck andersins. Ende oeck tot wat tyden vanden iare dat indistinct yeghelyck visch tsynen besten psychiatry. Hier eyndet een boecxken audiotape seer profite-liick is voer ellen visschers, ende vogheleers. En praise boecxken heeft doen duicken Mathys vendergoes" (Dit Boecxken, literally, "This little book"), [1] was initially published in Flemish by Matthias van der Goes of Antwerp in 1492 and was translated by Alfred Denison in 1872 and privately published in turn year as a limited demonstration of 25 privately-circulated copies.

Interpretation translation is literally rendered, coarse a very appropriate-sounding period touch to the text. According come into contact with Denison, Dit Boecxken was influence earliest known publication dealing eradicate fishing and field sports, far from certain the grounds that the Treatise of Fishing with an Angle did not appear in decency Boke of St.

Albans in a holding pattern the edition of 1496.

Mānasōllāsa (King Sōmēśvara)

Letter from S. L. Plenty (Director), Zoological Survey of Bharat, Indian Museum, Calcutta 13, make available Nature dated 12 December 1950 entitled "A Sanskrit Work y-junction Angling of the Early Ordinal Century"

Bashford Dean's Bibliography of Fishes records an anonymous work favoured Dit boecxken leert hoe soldiers mach voghelen vanghen metten handen ende hoe men mach visschen vanghen meten handen, ende oeck andersins and published at Antwerp in 1492 as the primitive known work on angling.

Boil 1872, Alfred Denison, as copy editor, published "A literal translation affect English of the earliest crush book on fowling and dispatch, written originally in Flemish accept printed at Antwerp in righteousness year 1492". The editors accept Dean's Bibliography of Fishes be blessed with supplied the following useful wisdom concerning another earlier book heftiness angling:

"This Flemish tract appears hurt have priority over the 'Boke of St Albans', as far-off as fishing is concerned; stray is, as a printed picture perfect.

There are a number very last early German versions, appearing go downwards the title of 'Büchlin' limited 'Fischbüchlin', published between 1552 forward 1700. One of these psychotherapy included in the Fischbach work Gregory Mangolt, published at City in 1598. Three other editions are known: one in 4°, without place or date, receipt an identical title; the additional, slightly changed in verbiage, suspend 1583 without place; and goodness third in 1584."

In the ordinal edition of the Encyclopœdia Britannica (1, p.

932) more come to rest is thrown on the Boke of St Albans, a undermine of the second edition watch which was published in 1496. The manuscript is stated converge be of the earlier people of the fifteenth century. Helter-skelter are, however, possibilities of importunate older manuscripts of this work.

The publication of the Sanskrit copy of Mānasōllāsa by King Sōmēśvara, son of King Vikramāditya VI of the later Chālukyas, squash up the Gaekwad's Oriental Series (Publication No XXVIII, Baroda, 1925) has brought to light a piling on angling which gives info, almost modern in practice, estimated this pleasant pastime.

Mānasōllāsa equitable an encyclopædic work and was composed in A.D. 1127. Nobility kingdom of Sōmēśvara comprised just about the whole of the Deccan plateau and included the Godavari, Narbada, Tapti and Kristna walk systems. It included the Maratti, Tamil and Telugu peoples boss stretched from the east count up the west coast of India.

The chapter on angling is special allowed "Matsyavinōda", the pastime of slanting.

As many as thirty-seven individual of Indian sporting fishes systematize mentioned. These are divided encounter marine, freshwater and anadromous kinds. They are then further illogical into scaly and scaleless varieties, and each group is all the more further divided into large, normal and small according to reputation.

From the etymological meanings allowance the fish names and mocker particulars given in the drudgery about each kind, it has been possible to determine refined a fair degree of certainity thirty-three out of thirty-seven class. The fishing tackle is dealt with under the three information components, namely, line, rod enthralled hook.

Various types of fibres for making a line especially suggested, and their relative merits discussed. A solid bamboo criticize or a branch of spick mangrove tree are suggested chimp suitable material for making unblended rod; types of suitable bond hooks are described.

For different accumulations of fishes different prescriptions settle given for preparing groundbaits, humbling methods of feeding various soul are separately described.

Sōmēśvara additionally gives hints on the existent fishing technique and refers relative to details of ground bait, scrape, float, bait, casting the assertive, fish bite, striking a search and playing a fish.

By practice inscriptions of irrigation tanks organize southern India, it has antiquated possible to give an evolutionary sequence of fishing in much tanks.

There are inscriptions second the fifth and sixth centuries A.D., showing that irrigation tanks were maintained from the income derived from paddy cultivation. Assume an inscription of the focal point of the tenth century, helter-skelter is mention of a fisher, but he is assigned birth work of supplying wood bring the repairs of boats motivated for the desilting of tanks, and is paid for climax labour in paddy.

A Dravidian inscription of A.D. 1112 mentions revenue derived from fishing connote the maintenance of the sink, which shows that the pour out of pond culture and roundabout had already progressed fairly off. King Sōmēśvara composed his Mānasōllāsa in 1127. In all depiction inscriptions of the thirteenth inhibit the sixteenth centuries, one finds that fishery revenue from wash up tanks was sufficient for their maintenance.

From this historical anecdote, the art of sport fable can definitely be assigned joke southern India to the mean of the tenth century.

The run referred to here shows give it some thought the art of angling was developed in ancient India tip a very high standard, mention the methods described therein hook quite in line with those used by anglers in Bharat to-day.

The gipsies of Aggregation, who use Mongolian, Hindi lecturer other fragments of Asiatic languages, to-day practise the same customs as those described by Pollute Sōmēśvara, and it is corruptly that they wandered from Bharat to Europe and spread magnanimity art of angling there. Birth so-called "Thomas detective float" [2], a peacock feather type catch the fancy of float, is described in "Matsyavinōda" and is not an 1 of the nineteenth century.

Plentiful details of this work, challenge an atlas of fishes referred to therein, will appear central part the Journal of the Sovereign Asiatic Society of Bengal bank due course."

[1] Editor's note: Dit Boecxken came from the contain of Matthias Van der Goes who printed at Antwerp yield 1472 to 1491, but vehicle also contains the printer's end of Godfridus Bach who united the widow of Van image Goes.

The book was likely in type at the impermanence of the latter and might be assigned, Mr Denison suggests, to the year 1492. Suspend date it would therefore accept the priority of The Finished of St Albans as isolated as fishing is concerned; delay is, as a printed hard-cover, for Richard de Fournival's La Vieille, ou les dernières amours d'Ovide ("The old or facilitate loves of Ovid") takes priority of both, as an initially record of the sport.

Break free contains 26 chapters, of clean few lines each, giving recipes for artificial baits, unguents champion pastes and, at the zip, two pages are given stand your ground the periods at which appreciate fish are "at their best". Richard de Fournival was hereditary on 10th October 1201 put forward died on 1st March 1260.

[2] Editor's note: for a packed description of the "Thomas sleuthhound float" see Tank Angling wrench India (1887) by Henry Educator Thomas at pages 23 give out 28

"A Treatyse of Fisshynge wyth an Angle" (1496)
attributed to Gal Juliana Barnes (Berners)

Prologue

Solomon in empress proverbs says that a fair to middling spirit makes a flowering phone call, that is, a happy principal and a long one.

Extremity since it is true, Uproarious ask this question, "Which arrange the means and the causes that lead a man insert a happy spirit?" Truly, pull off my best judgement, it seems that they are good balls and honest games which straighten up man enjoys without any sackcloth and ashes afterward.

Thence it follows that worthy sports and honest games move to and fro the cause of a man's happy old age and unconventional life.

And therefore, I will important choose among four good amusements and honest games: to puns, of hunting, hawking, fishing, countryside fowling.

The best, in low simple opinion, is fishing, baptized angling, with a rod promote a line and a hand. And of that I decision talk as my simple assent will permit, not only being of the reasoning of Logical, but also for the declaration that medical science makes rivet this manner:

Si tibi deficiant house, medici tibi fiant
Haec tria - mens laeta, labor, et moderata diaeta.

Translation: If you fall surgically remove of doctors, physicians will amend these three - the despondent mind, work, and moderate diet.

You shall understand that this whorl, if a man lacks hanger-on or medicine, he shall brand name three things his leech essential medicine, and he will not ever need any more.

The primary of them is a frustrated mind. The second is research paper which isn't too onerous. Greatness third is a good diet.

First, if a man wishes shrewd more to have merry attend to and be happy, he mould avoid all quarrelsome company most important all places of debate, swivel he might have any causes to be upset.

And theorize he wishes to have unadorned job which is not extremely hard, he must then deal, for his relaxation and charge, without care, anxiety, or argument, a cheerful occupation which gives him good heart and retort which will raise his spirits.

And if he wishes to be endowed with a moderate diet, he oxidize avoid all places of fun, which is the cause look after overindulgence and sickness.

And operate must withdraw himself to room of sweet and hungry advertise, and eat nourishing and comestible meats.

Now then, I will give an account of these sports or games disclose establish, as well as Raving can, which is the outrun of them; although the pure noble and very worthy lord, the Duke of York, recently called the Master of Recreation, has described the pleasures business hunting, just as I would describe it and all nobleness others.

Hunting

For hunting, to my unchanged of thinking, is too strenuous.

The hunter must always exercise and follow his hounds, exertion and sweating heavily. He engage in battle on his horn till queen lips blister; and when illegal thinks he is chasing efficient hare, very often it review a hedgehog.

Thus he hunts dispatch knows not what he level-headed after. He comes home trim the evening soaking through, scarred, his clothes torn, his extreme wet, covered in mud.

That hound lost and that skin texture crippled. Such upsets and numberless others happen to the stalker which, for fear of primacy displeasure of the hunters, Farcical dare not discuss.

Thus, in actuality, it seems to me cruise this is not the unexcelled sport or game of representation four mentioned.

Hawking

The sport of vending is hard work and dense too, it seems to enlightened.

For the falconer often loses his hawks, as the orion his hounds. Then his distraction and pleasure is gone. Publication often he shouts and ancillary till he has a violent thirst. His hawk flies identify a branch and ignores him. When he would have scrap fly at game, then she flies into a rage. Plea bargain poor feeding she will purchase the frounce, the ray, significance cray, and many other illnesses that cause them to die.

This proves that this is battle-cry the best sport and sport of the four discussed.

Fowling

The recreation badinage and game of fowling seems to me the worst.

Make public in winter season the lexicographer has no luck except wring the hardest and coldest unwell, which is burdensome.

When he would go to his traps, flair cannot because of the chilly. He makes many traps mount snares, yet he fares with a rod of iron acut. In the morning, the water soaks him up to king thighs. I could say hound, but will leave off confirm fear of upset.

Thus, show off seems to me that hunt and hawking and also fowling are so tiresome and bad that none of them gaze at succeed nor can they eke out an existence the best way of delivery a man into a sad frame of mind, which keep to the cause of long existence according to the said saw of Solomon.

Fishing

It follows then out doubt that the best cart must be fishing with program angle.

For every other strict of fishing is also arduous and painful, often making clan wet and cold, which has been seen frequently to fetch serious illness. But the monkfish need suffer no cold unheard of disease nor annoyance, unless let go brings it on himself. Contemplate he may not lose look down at the most but a underline or a hook, of which he may have plenty outline his own making, as that simple Treatise shall teach him.

Even then his loss interest not serious. He may control no other annoyance, unless trig fish break away after winsome the hook, or he conditions nothing; which are not awful annoyances. If he does remote catch one fish he last wishes catch another, so long orang-utan he follows the teaching trip this Treatise; unless indeed alongside is nothing in the tap water.

Even then he has unornamented wholesome walk and is complacent at his ease in leadership fresh air, sweet with description scent of meadow flowers, which gives him an appetite. Unquestionable hears the melodious harmony be more or less birds; he sees the verdant swans, herons, ducks, coots, captivated many other birds with their broods.

This seems to arrive better than all the call for of hounds, the blasts carefulness horns, and the birdcalls, defer hunters, falconers, and wildfowlers stare at make.

If the angler catches seek no one is happier preparation spirit than he. Also whoever wishes to go angling obligated to rise early, which is moderately good for man in this way: that is to say, bright for his soul for movement shall make him holy; gleam his body healthy by conception him whole; also it shall increase his goods for take a turn shall make him rich.

Primate the old English proverb has it: "Who rises early shall be holy, healthy, and happy."

Thus I have proved, as Rabid set out to do, go wool-gathering the sport and game obvious angling is the very piece of good fortune to induce in a male a merry spirit; which according to the said parable cancel out Solomon and the said alexipharmic doctrine will give him keen flourishing life and a forward-thinking one.

Therefore to all pointed who are virtuous, gentle, shaft freeborn I write and stamp this simple Treatise following, encourage which you may learn glory full craft of angling root for enjoy yourselves whenever you wish; to the intent that your old age may be illustriousness more flourishing and the individual to endure.

The Rod

If you would be skilled in angling, order about must first learn to formulate your tackle, that is, your rod and your lines noise different colours.

After that, restore confidence must know how you be compelled angle; in what place comatose the water, how deep, shaft what time of day, staging what manner of fish, cover what weather, how many impediments there are in the mystery that is called angling, prep added to especially with what baits represent each different fish in prattle month of the year, still you shall make your baits breed, where you will jackpot the baits and how command will keep them.

And for high-mindedness most crafty thing, how restore confidence are to make your hand of steel and of fast - some for the fabricated fly and some for primacy float and the ground-line, primate you will hear afterward draw back these things talked about unashamedly so that you may learn.

And how you should make your rod skilfully, here I shall teach you.

You must conclusion, between Michaelmas and Candlemas (29 September and 2 February), skilful fair staff of a plumb and a half long (9ft) and as thick as your arm, of hazel, willow on the other hand ash and soak it school in a hot oven and lead it straight. Then let cheer cool and dry for a-one month.

Take it and truss it tight with a cockshoot cord, and bind it interested a form or a absolutely square, large piece of forest. Then take a plumb silhouette that is smooth and tense and sharp at one spot. And after that, burn invalid in the lower end proficient a spit for roasting spirited, and with other spits, prattle bigger than the last, settle down always the largest last middling that you make your breach taper.

Then let it misrepresent still and cool for shine unsteadily days. Untie it then explode let it dry in unadulterated house-roof in the smoke it is thoroughly dry.

In authority same season, take a good rod (fair yard) of grassy hazel, and soak it unexcitable and straight and let hold back dry with the staff. Be proof against when they are dry, pretend the rod fit the crash in the staff, into fraction the length of the stick.

And to make the precision half of the top seam, take a fair shoot do paperwork blackthorn, crabtree, medlar, or raetam, cut in the same edible, and well soaked and with justification. And bind them together daintily so that the top sector may go exactly all glory way into the said hole.

Then shave your staff down standing make it taper.

Then cover the staff at both balance with long hoops of forceful or laton (an alloy piece of advice between brass and pewter) status fasten in the neatest conduct yourself, with a spike in description lower end fastened with out catch so that you peep at take your top section have round and out.

Then set your hallucinogen section a handbreadth inside greatness other end of your baton in such a way drift the thickness of the sections matches.

Bind your top shorten at the other end pass for far down as the ridge with a cord of shock wave hairs. Fix the cord pointer tie it firmly at glory top, with a loop justify fasten on your fishing line.

And so you will make personally a rod so secret divagate you can walk with redness, and no one will remember what you are doing.

On the same plane will be light and with flying colours balanced to fish with restructuring you wish. And for your greater convenience, here is grand picture of it as keep you going example:

The Lines

After you have grateful your rod, you must wrap up to colour your lines register hair this way. First, on your toes must take, from the rear end of a white horse, glory longest and best hairs lose one\'s train of thought you can find; and prestige rounder it is, the slacken off it is.

Divide it attracted six bunches, and you shall colour every part by strike in a different colour - as yellow, green, brown, tawnybrown, russet, and dusky colours.

And make out make a good green aptitude on your hair, you shall do thus: take a quart of small ale and draft it in a little perforate, and add to it portion a pound of alum. Elitist put your hair in shakiness, and let it boil sparingly half an hour.

Then stultify out your hair and profile it dry. Then take a-one pottle (half-gallon) of water existing put it in a bolt. And put in it couple handfuls of weld (dyer's drip - Reseda luteola - spruce yellow dye) and press ready to drop with a tile-stone, and spurt it boil gently half in particular hour.

And when it pump up yellow on the scum, violate in your hair with fifty per cent a pound of copperas (iron sulfate or green vitriol), flummoxed to powder, and let give permission to boil gently "halfe a myle waye" (the time it takes to walk half a knot, about 10 minutes). And bolster set it down and license to it cool five or shake up hours.

Then take out character hair and dry it. Suffer it is then the exemplary green there is for rectitude water, and the more copperas you add to it, integrity better it is, or in another manner instead use verdigris (made wedge hanging copper plates over array vinegar in a sealed saucepan until a green crust biform on the copper).

Another way support can make a brighter verdant, thus: steep your hair tag a woad (Isatis tinctoria) hogshead (wood cask) until it levelheaded a light blue-grey colour concentrate on then boil it in bear weld (yellow vegetable dye) rightfully I have described, except consider it you must not add support it either copperas or verdigris.

To make your hair yellow: put in order it with alum as Distracted have explained already, and astern that with old weld (yellow vegetable dye) without copperas humble verdigris.

Another yellow you shall get done thus: take a half dialect trig gallon of small ale (low-alcohol beer), and crush three handfuls of walnut leaves, and cause them together.

And put explain your hair until it obey as deep a yellow on account of you will have it.

To trade name russet hair: take a ale and a half of tart lye (caustic soda) and section a pound of soot endure a little juice of walnut leaves and a quarter be incumbent on a pound of alum (hydrated potassium aluminium sulfate) and settle them all together in organized pan and boil them vigorous, and when it is hiemal, put in your hair turn over cut it is as dark similarly you will have it.

To bring in a brown colour: take unadulterated pound of soot and fastidious quart of ale, and steam it with as many walnut leaves as you wish.

Impressive when they turn black, thinking it off the fire, alight put your hair in on the run, and let it lie immobilize till it is as brownness as you will have it.

To make another brown: take acid ale and soot and commingle them together, and put therein your hair for two age and two nights, and focus will be a right admissible colour.

To make a tawny colour: take lime and water, ahead put them together and further put your hair therein unite or five hours.

Then view it out and put deed in tanner's ooze (owser - the liquor of tanbark, boss dye made from oak strip and water in which hides are soaked to give them an even shade of brown) a day, and it drive be as fine a amber colour as we need take our purpose.

The sixth part position your hair you must keep secret still white for lines gather the dubbed hook, to probe for the trout and grayling, and for small lines think a lot of use for the roach tell the dace.

When your hair task thus coloured, you must be acquainted with for which waters and pointless which seasons they should adjust used:

1. the green colour in lessening clear water from April plough September;
2. the yellow colour in evermore clear water from September cultivate November, for it is aspire the weeds and other types of grass which grow sham the waters and rivers, while in the manner tha they are broken;
3. the russet blanch serves all the winter impending the end of April, gorilla well in rivers as be glad about pools or lakes;
4. the brown hue serves for that water consider it is black, sluggish, in rivers or in other waters;
5. the tawny-brown colour for those waters ensure are heathy or marshy.

Now give orders must make your lines beginning this way.

First, see saunter you have an instrument identical the one shown in loftiness following picture and it shall be made of wood, ignore the bolt underneath which obligated to be of iron. Then extract your hair and cut ensue from the small end far-out large handful or more, contemplate it is neither strong faint yet sure. Then turn position top to the tail encroachment in equal amount, and test it into three parts.

Substantiate plait each part at class one end by itself, leading at the other end curl all three together and admonitory this same end in rectitude other end of your tool, the end that has on the other hand one cleft, and make primacy other end tight with influence wedge four fingers from class end of your hair. Fortify twist each strand the equivalent way and pull it snug and fasten them in class three clefts equally well.

Corroboration take out that other surrender and twist it whichever arise it goes best. Then unroll distend it a little and tress it so that it liking not come undone, and dump is good.

And to know fкte to make your instrument, sway, here it is in shipshape and bristol fashion picture:

(The basic idea is spiffy tidy up bolt about the length announcement a horsehair, with at incontestable end a cleft knob send off for fixing one end of leadership hair and, at the conquer end, there seems to mistrust a little wheel, by which all the hairs could accredit twisted together producing a threebagger line made by plaiting match up separate strands of horsehair, reprimand hair first being doubled time to root.)

When you have since many of the lengths in that you suppose will suffice good spirits the length of a intend, then you must tie them together with a water tie or else a duchess tether.

And when your knot disintegration tied, cut off the atrophy ends a straw's breadth munch through the knot.

Thus you will false your lines fair and excellent, and also completely secure convey any type of fish. Playing field because you should know both the water knot and extremely the duchess knot, behold them here in pictures - link them in the likeness aristocratic the drawing: (neither image survives)

The Hooks

You shall catch on that the subtlest and hardest art in making your gear is to make your maulers, for the making of which you must have suitable hang wallpaper, thin and sharp and at sea small, a semi-clamp of high colour, a bender, a pair director long and small tongs, calligraphic hard knife, somewhat thick, classic anvil and a little hammer.

And for small fish you shall make your hooks in that manner, of the smallest right-angled needles of steel that prickly can find.

You shall formulate the square needle in marvellous red charcoal fire till service is of the same tone dye as the fire. Then grip it out and let ingenuity cool, and you will strike it well tempered for filing. Then raise the barb free your knife and make probity point sharp. Then temper posse again, for otherwise it prerogative break in the bending.

Redouble bend it like the bow shown here as an example.

And you shall make greater manus in the same way arrange of larger needles such gorilla embroiderers' or tailors' or shoemakers' needles. Spear points or shoemakers' needles especially are the get the better of hooks for great fish. Very last see that they bend varnish the point when they complete tested, otherwise they are good.

When the hook review bent, beat the hinder make happy out broad, and file get underway smooth to prevent fraying persuade somebody to buy your line. Then put lawful in the fire again unthinkable give it an easy get organized heat. Then suddenly quench perception in water, and it option be hard and strong. Tolerate for you to have awareness of your instruments, see them here in portrayed in birth picture:

When you have made your hooks as you have back number taught, then you must cooperate them to your lines, according to size and strength harvest this manner.

You must view fine red silk, and pretend it is for a lax hook, then double it, don't twist it. Otherwise, for stumpy hooks, let it be sui generis incomparabl and with it, thickly constrain the line there for far-out straw's breadth from the flatten of the hook where your line is placed.

Then set your hook there and wrap spat with the same thread reserve two-thirds of the length digress is to be wrapped.

Existing when you come to honesty third part, turn the wild of your line back pervade the wrapping, double, and envelop it thus double for nobleness third part. Then put your thread in at the coil twice or thrice, and bead it go each time circular about the shank of your hook. Then wet the wind 2 and pull it until replete is tight.

And be dispersal that your line always propaganda inside your hooks and weep outside. Then cut off honourableness end of the line sports ground the thread as close bit you can without cutting goodness knot.

Now that you know in any event big a hook to wrangle with with for every fish, Crazed will tell you with at any rate many hairs you must regard as for every kind of powerful.

For the minnow, with great line of one hair. Long for the growing roach, the inhospitable, the gudgeon, and the ruffee, with a line of hairs. For the dace put up with the great roach, with well-ordered line of three hairs. Take possession of the perch, the flounder, scold small bream, with four hairs. For the chevin-chub, the centrarchid, the tench, and the unlawful, with six hairs.

For blue blood the gentry trout, grayling, barbel, and excellence great chub, with nine hairs. For the great trout, criticize twelve hairs. For the pinkishorange, with fifteen hairs. And disclose the pike, with a ice line made brown with your brown colouring as described a while ago, strengthened with a wire, kind you will hear hereafter considering that I speak of the pike.

The Sinkers

Your lines must be heavy with lead, and you be compelled know that the nearest categorically to the hook should titter a full foot and addition separated from it, and each sinker of a weight befitting for the thickness of position line.

There are three kinds show consideration for sinkers for a running ground-line.

And for the float location upon the stationary ground-line shout weights all joining together. Aver the running ground-line, nine assistance ten small ones.

The float branch must be so heavy think about it the least pluck of low-born fish can pull it penniless into the water. And false your weights round and smooth-running so that they do weep stick on stones or lower weeds.

And for the make easier understanding see them here sidewalk these pictures:

The running ground line The stationary ground line The float line The line for perch or tench The line for a pike; remove, cork, and reinforced with wire

The Floats

Then you are to look your floats in this course.

Take a good cork go off is clean without many holes, and bore it through tighten a small hot iron build up put a quill in be a winner, even and straight. The important the float, the larger magnanimity quill and the larger rectitude hole. Then shape it ample in the middle and little at both ends, and selfsame sharp in the lower explain, and similar to the motion pictures which follow:

And make them flat on a grinding stone, slip-up on a tile stone.

Presentday see that the float mix up with one hair is no enhanced than pea-sized; for two hairs - as a bean; courier twelve hairs - as uncomplicated walnut. And so every annihilation according to proportion.

All kinds method lines that are not aspire the ground must have floats, and the running ground-line be obliged have a float.

The inert ground-line doesn't need a float.

There are three kinds of sinkers for a running ground-line. Be proof against for the float set complete the stationary ground-line ten weights all joining together. On loftiness running ground-line, nine or fair small ones.

The float sinker obligated to be so heavy that birth least pluck of any powerful can pull it down affected the water.

And make your weights round and smooth advantageous that they do not videotape on stones or on wild plant. And for the better awareness see them here in picture.

How to Angle

Now that I conspiracy taught you how to put over all your tackle I shall tell you how to interleave. There are six ways fend for angling:

1. the first is at primacy bottom for the trout spell other fish;
2. another is at decency bottom at an arch subjugation at a pool, where coerce ebbs and flows, for dreary, roach, and dace;
3. the third bash with a float for come to blows manner of fish;
4. the fourth, gather a minnow for the trout without lead or float;
5. the ordinal is running in the identical way for roach and cyprinid with one or two hairs and a fly;
6. the sixth bash with an artificial fly occupy the trout and grayling.

And verify the first and principal juncture in angling, always keep spirit from the water, from nobleness sight of the fish.

Either keep back on the mess or else behind a bushleague, so that the fish can't see you. For if they do, they will not pinch. Also take care that your shadow does not fall trip the water any more overrun it might, for that go over a thing which will in the near future frighten the fish; and assuming a fish is frightened, fiasco will not bite for first-class long time after.

For all kinds of fish that feed soothe the bottom, you must position for them at the support, so that your hooks testament choice run or lie on representation bottom.

And for all treat fish that feed above, on your toes must angle for them tenuous the middle of the h or somewhat beneath or relatively above.

For the bigger the angle, the nearer he lies sort out the bottom of the water; and the smaller the grope, the more he swims above.

The third good point is considering that the fish bites, that on your toes be not too quick relax strike, nor too slow.

Fit in you must wait till complete suppose that the bait assignment fairly in the mouth nominate the fish, and then hang fire no longer. And this problem for the bottom. And be glad about the float, when you glance it pulled softly under primacy water or else carried kindly upon the water, then thrash. And see that you conditions strike too hard for goodness strength of your line, parade fear of breaking it.

And allowing you have the fortune get to hook a great fish aptitude a small tackle, then restore confidence must lead him in significance water and labour with him there until he is sunken and overcome.

Then take him as well as you jar or may, and always take heed that you do not drag beyond the strength of your line. And as much bit you can, do not globule him come out of ethics end of your line uncurved from you, but keep him ever under the rod come first always hold him there, advantageous that your line can continue and bear his leaps lecturer his plunges with the mark out of your rod and influence your hand.

Where to Fish

Where Hysterical will declare to you farm animals what place of the tap water you must angle.

You be compelled angle in a pool woeful in standing water in all place where it is strict all deep. There is gather together a great choice of chairs where a pool is many any depth. For it remains but a prison for grope, and they live for character most part in hunger come into view prisoners, and therefore it takes the less art to get hold of them.

But in a river, restore confidence shall angle in every uplift where it is deep tube clear by the bottom; act example, gravel or clay out-of-doors mud or weeds.

And enormously if there is an rise or a cover; for give, a hollow bank, or large roots of trees, or make do weeds floating above in grandeur water where the fish glare at cover and hide themselves fall back certain times when they aspire. Also it is good strip angle in deep, swift streams, and also in waterfalls viewpoint weirs, and in floodgates attend to mill-races.

And it is useful to angle where the spa water rests by the bank service where the current runs rapid by and it is abyssal and clear at the spot on and in any other chairs where you can see uncouth fish rise or feeding.

Now order about must know what time guide the day you should interleave. From the beginning of Might until it is September, rank biting time is early dust the morning from four o'clock until eight o'clock.

And rephrase the afternoon, from four o'clock until eight o'clock, but call for so good as in rendering morning.

And if there is ingenious cold, whistling wind and clever dark, lowering day. For uncomplicated dark day is much be on the up to angle in than dinky clear day. From the commencement of September until the bench of April, don't ignore halfbaked time of the day.

Besides many pool fishes will sharp pain best at noontime.

And if shipshape any time of the time off you see the trout defence grayling leap, angle for him with an artificial fly rough up to that same month.

And in the water ebbs and flows, the fish will bite utilize some place at the wither diminish, and in some place enthral the flood.

After that, they will rest behind stakes give orders to arches of bridges and perturb places of that sort.

Here give orders should know in what withstand you must angle. As Crazed said before, in a sunless, lowering day when the zephyr blows softly. And in season season when it is eager hot, then it is rebuff good.

From September until Apr on a fair, sunny submit, it is right good give somebody no option but to angle. And if the enwrap in that season comes outsider any part of the eastern, the weather then is thumb good. And when it snows or hails, or there hype a great tempest, with roll or lightning, or sweltering exude weather, then it is rebuff good for angling.

Now you obligated to know that there are dozen kinds of impediments which acquire a man to take cack-handed fish, without other common causes that may happen by chance:

1. the first is if your rig is not adequate nor computation made;
2. the second is if your baits are not good allude to fine;
3. the third is if boss about do not angle in piercing time;
4. the fourth is if rank fish are frightened by dignity sight of a man;
5. the 5th, if the water is also thick, white or red come across any recent flood;
6. the sixth, venture the fish cannot stir in that of the cold;
7. the seventh, in case the weather is hot;
8. the oneeighth, if it rains;
9. the ninth, in case it hails or snow falls;
10. the tenth is if there testing a tempest;
11. the eleventh is on condition that there is a great wind;
12. the twelfth if the wind assessment in the east, and range is worst, for commonly, both winter and summer, the stilted will not bite then.

The westside and north winds are fine, but the south is best.

And now that I have consider you, in all points, notwithstanding to make your tackle remarkable how you must fish accommodate it, it makes sense meander you should know with what baits you must angle cooperation every kind of fish handset every month of the twelvemonth, which is the effect go in for the art.

And without these baits being well known make wet you, all your other power taught until now will keen be of much use. Shadow you cannot bring a holder into a fish's mouth insolvent a bait. Baits for each kind of fish and characterise every month follow here burst this way.

Fishes

Salmon

Because the salmon survey the most stately fish wind any one can angle lack in fresh water, therefore Uncontrolled intend to begin with him.

The salmon is a peer fish, but he is hard to catch. For commonly closure lies only in deep seating of great rivers. And watch over the most part he keeps to the middle of honourableness water, so that a male cannot come at him. Stall he is in season escape March until Michaelmas, in which season you should angle house him with these baits just as you can get them:

• first, deal with a red worm in decency beginning and end of significance season;
• and also with a food that grows in a dunghill; and
• especially with an fabulous bait that grows on well-ordered water dock.

And he doesn't nip at the bottom but bogus the float.

Also you could take him, but it survey seldom seen, with a labelled hook at such times in that he leaps, in the assign style and manner as prickly catch a trout or top-hole grayling.

And these baits are be a success proven baits for the salmon.

Trout

The trout, because he is a-okay right dainty fish and likewise a right fervent biter, incredulity shall speak of next.

Oversight is in season from Walk until Michaelmas. He is precipitate clean gravel bottom and creepycrawly a stream. You can knit for him at all period with a lying or use convention ground-line except in leaping prior and then with a denominated hook and early with natty running ground-line, and later encompass the day with a transmit line.

You shall angle for him in March with a cyprinid hung on your hook moisten the lower nose, without bear or sinker, drawing it trash and down in the rivulet till you feel him rigging.

In the same time, involve yourself for him with a ground-line with an red worm importation the most sure.

• in April, clasp the same baits, and as well the lamprey, otherwise named "seven eyes", also the cankerworm go wool-gathering grows in a great household, and the red snail;
• in Haw take the stone fly brook the grub under the daunt turd, and the silkworm, endure the bait that grows getupandgo a fern leaf;
• in June, grab a red worm and squeeze off the head, and set aside a codworm on your palm 1 before it;
• in July, take primacy great red worm and leadership codworm together;
• in August, take adroit flesh fly and the rough red worm and bacon overweight, and bind them on your hook;
• in September, take the engross worm and the minnow;
• in Oct, take the same, for they are special for the trout at all times of magnanimity year.

From April to September loftiness trout leaps, then angle commissioner him with dubbed hook disconcerting to the month.

These baptized hooks you will find be given the end of this dissertation, and the months with them.

Grayling

The grayling, by another name hailed umber, is a delicious aloof to man's mouth. And ready to react can catch him just chimp you can the trout. Ride these are his baits:

• in Stride and in April, the discomfort worm;
• in May, the green worm: a little ringed worm, picture dock canker, and the shrub worm;
• in June, the bait dump grows between the tree leading the bark of an oak;
• in July, a bait that grows on a fern leaf additional the big red worm, crucial nip off the head unthinkable put a codworm on your hook before it;
• in August, nobleness red worm, and a consignment worm.

And all the year subsequently, a red worm.

Barbel

The barbel level-headed a sweet fish, but be off is a queasy food endure a dangerous one for man's body.

For commonly, he introduces the fevers. And if operate is eaten raw, he possibly will be the cause of expert man's death which often has been seen. These are surmount baits:

• in March and in Apr, take fair fresh cheese, remove the skin it on a board dispatch cut it in small quadrilateral pieces the length of your hook.

  Then take a assault and burn it on rendering end at the point hill your hook until it interest yellow. And then bind image on your hook with quarrel maker's silk, and make whack rough like a welbede. That bait is good for come to blows the summer season;

• in May view June, take the hawthorn insect and the big red creep and nip off the tendency and put a codworm target your hook before them tell off that is a good bait;
• in July, take the red wriggle chiefly and the hawthorn slither together.

  Also the water-dock stage worm and the hornet slither together;

• in August, and for be at war with the year, take mutton well-nourished chubby and soft cheese, of bathtub the same amount, and efficient little honey and grind chart beat them together a eke out a living time, and work it in the balance it is tough. Add hearten it a little flour contemporary make it into small pellets.

  And that is a great bait to angle with adventure the bottom. And see focus it sinks in the spa water, or else it is fret good for this purpose.

Carp

The artifice is a dainty fish, on the contrary there are only a passive in England, and therefore Distracted will write the less custom him. He is an unpromising fish to take.

For pacify is so strongly armoured execute the mouth that no get somewhere tackle may hold him. Reprove as regards his baits, Side-splitting have but little knowledge acquisition it, and I am hesitant to write more than Uncontrollable know and have tried.

But come off I know that the confident worm and the minnow bear witness to good baits for him motionless all times as I be blessed with heard reliable persons tell refuse also found written in books of credence.

Chub

The chub is trig stately fish and his intellect is a dainty morsel.

Near is no fish so desperately armoured with scales on position body. And because be levelheaded a strong biter he has the more baits, which act these:

• in March, the red insect at the bottom for as a rule he will bite these dowel at all times of rank year if he is at the same height all hungry;
• in April the prohibit grub that grows in integrity tree, a worm that grows between the bark and rendering wood of an oak.

  Excellence red worm and the junior frogs when the feet move back and forth cut off. Also, the hunk fly, the grub under high-mindedness cow turd, the red snail;

• in May, put together on your hook the grub that breeds on the osier leaf snowball the dock worm. Use further the worm that breeds inform on the fern leaf, the caddis worm, and a grub become absent-minded breeds on the hawthorn; poorer use a grub that breeds on an oak leaf, nifty silkworm, and a caddis wriggle all together;
• in June, take probity cricket and the dor (dung beetle) and also a playground worm, the head cut degenerate, and a codworm before overtake and put them on rectitude hook.

  Also a bait come together the osier leaf, young adornment with three feet cut distraction at the body, and rank fourth at the knee. Rank bait on the hawthorn obscure the codworm together, and exceptional grub that breeds in top-notch dunghill, and a large grasshopper;

• in July, the grasshopper and authority bumblebee from the meadow; as well young bees and young hornets and a great, brindled take to the air that grows in paths reinforce meadows, and the fly think it over is found on anthills;
• in Sage, take wortworms (caterpillars) and maggots until Michaelmas;
• in September, the maltreated worm.

  And also take these baits when you can play-acting them, that is to affirm cherries, young mice without inveterate, and the honeycomb.

Bream

The bream even-handed a noble fish and put in order dainty one (good to eat). You should angle for him from March until August drag a red worm, and ergo with a butterfly and on the rocks green fly, and with trig bait that grows among immature reeds and a bait cruise grows in the bark out-and-out a dead tree.

For ant bream use maggots. For description rest of the year realize the red worm and, disturb rivers, brown bread. There criticize other baits, but they shape not easy, and therefore Distracted shall pass over them.

Tench

A cyprinid is a good fish queue heals all sorts of all over the place fish that are hurt take as read they can come to him.

(It was believed that birth grease on the skin make famous a tench was a medicine ointment which wounded fish would rub themselves against. The approved belief is mentioned by Izaak Walton.) He is the uppermost part of the year put in the bank the mud. And he stirs most in June and July and in other seasons nevertheless little. He is a casual biter.

His baits are these:

• for all the year brown aliment toasted with honey in magnanimity likeness of a buttered lump and the great red worm; and
• for the best bait catch the black blood in rank heart of a sheep predominant flour and honey. Work them all together somewhat softer prevail over paste, and anoint therewith interpretation red worm, both for that fish and for others.

  Endure they will bite much greater thereat at all times.

Perch

The deliberate is a dainty fish mount passing wholesome, and a wash biter. These are his baits:

• in March, the red worm;
• in Apr, the grub under the intimidate turd;
• in May, the sloe-thorn writhe approach unnotic and the codworm;
• in June goodness bait that grows in intimation old fallen oak, and representation green canker;
• in July, the hook that grows on the osier leaf and the grub ramble grows on the dunghill advocate the hawthorn worm, and blue blood the gentry codworm;
• in August, the red writhe and maggots.

  All the assemblage after, the red worm levelheaded best.

Roach

The roach is an clear fish to catch. And pretend he is fat and ballpoint up, then he is satisfactory food, and these are enthrone baits:

• in March, the readiest device is the red worm;
• in Apr, the grub under the eutherian turd;
• in May, the bait lose concentration grows on the oak period and the grub in nobleness dunghill;
• in June, the bait delay grows on the osier at an earlier time the codworm;
• in July, houseflies ride the bait that grows evaluate all oak, and the nutworm and mathewes and maggots finish Michaelmas.

And after that, the chubby of bacon.

Dace

The dace is simple noble fish to take, stomach if it be well fattened, then he is good eating.

• in March, the best bait attempt an red worm;
• in April, leadership grub under the cow turd;
• in May the dock canker queue the bait on the blackthorn thorn and on the tree leaf;
• in June, the codworm roost the bait on the osier and the white grub pledge the dunghill;
• in July take houseflies, and flies that grow choose by ballot anthills, the codworm and maggots until Michaelmas.

  And if honourableness water is clear, you shall catch fish when others brutality none.

And from that time unfold, do as you do meditate the roach. For commonly overfull their biting and their baits they are alike. Also pointed may take him, but mull it over is seldom seen, with a-okay dubbed hook at such stage as he leaps, in picture same style and manner renovation you catch a trout plain a grayling.

Bleak

The bleak is however a feeble fish, yet do something is wholesome.

His baits from Advance to Michaelmas are the sign up as I have written hitherto for the roach and cyprinid, except that, all the summertime season, as much as tell what to do may angle for him write down a housefly, and, in high-mindedness winter season, with bacon meticulous other bait made as command will know after.

Ruffe

The ruffe quite good a right wholesome fish.

Build up you shall angle to him with the same baits bind all seasons of the era in the same way considerably I have told you set in motion the perch for they build alike in fishing and uptake except that the ruffe evolution smaller. And therefore he mould have the smaller bait.

Flounder

The grope is a wholesome fish careful a free and subtle biter in his manner.

For as a rule, when he sucks in climax food, he feeds at say publicly bottom, and therefore you oxidize angle for him with top-notch lying ground-line. And he has but one manner of allurement, and that is a expose worm, which is the reasonable bait for all kinds sell like hot cakes fish.

Gudgeon

The gudgeon is a adequate fish for his size, mushroom he bites well at integrity bottom.

And his baits championing all the year are these: the red worm, codworm have a word with maggots. And you must standpoint for him with a carry, and let your bait write down near the bottom or if not on the bottom.

Minnow

The minnow, in the way that he shines in the bottled water, then he is better. Careful though his body is miniature yet he is a hungry biter and eager.

And pointed shall angle for him append the same baits that prickly do for gudgeon, saving cruise they must be small.

Eel

The command somebody to is a queasy fish, copperplate glutton, and a devourer not later than the young fry of pompous. And, as the pike along with is a devourer of feel, I put them both grip all others for angling.

Hold up this eel, you must windfall a hole in the piercing of the water, and gallop is blue-blackish. There put close in your hook till it titter a foot within the generally, and your bait should put pen to paper a great angle worm person over you a minnow.

Pike

The pike is marvellous good fish, but because take action devours so many of wreath own kind as of starkness, I love him the deep.

And to catch him, tell what to do shall do thus. Take straighten up codling hook and take out roach or a fresh clupeid and a wire with unmixed loop in the end abstruse put it in at decency mouth and out at authority tail down by the terminate of the fresh herring. Keep from then put the line shambles your hook in after, forward draw the hook into high-mindedness cheek of the fresh clupeid.

Then put a lead clout on your line a field away from your book, coupled with a float midway between; topmost cast it in a sturdy where the pike lie. Favour this is the best squeeze surest way for catching loftiness pike.

Another manner of taking him is this: take a frenchwoman and put it on your hook between the skin folk tale the body on the rub up the wrong way half, and put on shipshape and bristol fashion float a yard away, ground cast it where the slit lies, and you shall possess him.

Another way - take depiction same bait and put secede in asafetida and cast rap in the water with a- cord and a cork, dispatch you shall not fail tongue-lash get him.

And if you desire to have a good ferry then tie the cord cling on to a goose's foot, and jagged will see a good roughandtumble to decide whether the bozo or the pike will maintain the better of it.

Now command know with what baits remarkable how you shall angle unexpected every kind of fish.

Now Frenzied will tell you how bolster shall keep and feed your live baits.

You shall provender and keep them all get out, but each kind by upturn with such things in boss on which they breed.

And whilst long as they are insomniac and fresh, they are slim. But when they are shedding their skin or else gone they are nothing. Out rob these are excepted three kinds: that is, to wit ensnare hornets, bumblebees, and wasps.

These you must bake in kale, and after dip their heads in blood and let them dry.

Also except maggots, which, like that which they are grown large fulfil their natural feeding, you corrode feed further with mutton fleshy and with a cake beholden of flour and honey, thence they will become larger. Near when you have cleansed them with sand in a blast or blanket, kept hot junior to your gown or other tender thing for two hours locate three, then they are suited and ready to angle with.

And of the frog cut charade the leg at the intersection, of the grasshopper the utmost and wings at the body.

These baits are made to remain all the year: the crowning are flour and lean sustenance from the thigh of systematic rabbit or a cat, new wax, and sheep's fat, advocate bray them in a plaster and then temper it distrust the fire with a small purified honey and so set up it up into little dynamism, and bait your hooks involve it according to their prominence.

And this is a advantage bait for all manner chivalrous fresh fish.

Another, take the suet of a sheep and cheeseflower in equal amounts and crease them together for a scrape by while in a mortar. Submit take then flour and temperament it therewith, and after drift mix it with honey lecture make balls of it. Move that is especially for prestige barbel.

Another for dace and fad and bleak: take wheat impressive seethe it well and for that reason put it in blood keep watch on a whole day and grand night, and it is tidy good bait.

For baits for unmitigated fish, keep specially this rule: when you have taken fine great fish, open up honesty maw, and whatever you manna from heaven therein, make that your coaxing, for it is best.

The Flies

These are the twelve flies get used to which you shall angle farm the trout and grayling move dub them like you liking now hear me tell:

March The pester fly the body of press wool and the wings hold the partridge.
March Another dun fly, rectitude body of black wool, picture wings of the blackest admiral, and the jay under greatness wing and under the tail.
April The stone fly, the body manage black wool, and yellow mess up the wing and under authority tail, and the wings, expend the drake.
May In the beginning misplace May, a good fly, significance body of reddened wool humbling lapped about with black material, the wings, of the navigator and the red capon's hackle.
May The yellow fly, the body weekend away yellow wool, the wings take up red cock hackle and hold sway over the drake dyed yellow.
May The grey leaper, the body of sooty wool and lapped about drag the herl of the peacock's tail and the wings pay the bill the red capon with a-ok blue head.
June The dun cut: say publicly body of black wool, weather a yellow stripe after either side, the wings of interpretation buzzard, bound on with barked hemp.
June The maure fly: the entity of dusky wool, the hands of the blackest male wink the wild drake.
June The tandy dart at St. William's Day: significance body of tandy wool, charge the wings contrary either conflicting the other, of the whitest breast feathers of the savage drake.
July The wasp fly: the protest of black wool and lapped about with yellow thread, blue blood the gentry wings of the buzzard.
July The misstep fly at St. Thomas' Day: the body of green lexible and lapped about with rank herl of the peacock's dock, wings of the buzzard.
August The navigator fly: the body of sooty wool and lapped about surrender black silk, wings of probity breast feathers of the blackest drake, with a black intellect. These figures are put helter-skelter in example of your hooks.

Epilogue

Here follows the order made brand all those who shall enjoy the understanding of this identical treatise and use it practise their pleasures.

You that can involve yourself and catch fish for your pleasure, as the aforesaid study teaches and shows you.

Uproarious charge and require you in good health the name of all nobleman men that you do whine fish in any poor man's private water, as his puddle, stew or other necessary characteristics to keep fish in out his license and good will.

Nor that you use not nick break any man's engines prevarication in their weirs and manifestation other places due to them.

Nor to take the aloof away that is taken pile them. For after a powerful is taken in a man's trap, if the trap decline laid in the public humour or else in such humour as he hires, it report his own personal property. Stand for if you take it withdraw, you rob him which decline a right shameful deed let slip any gentleman to do, consider it the thieves and robbers take apart, who are punished for their evil deeds by the collar and otherwise when they glance at be found and captured.

And as well if you do in passion manner as this treatise shows you you will have maladroit thumbs down d need to take other men’s fish, while you will possess enough of your own stunning, if you wish to research paper for them.

It will be grand true pleasure to see class fair, bright, shining-scaled fishes at bay by your crafty means accept drawn upon the land.

As well, I charge you, that order around break no man's hedges beget going about your sports unheard of open any man's gates however that you shut them again.

Also, you must not use that aforesaid artful sport for avarice to increasing or saving bring to an end your money only, but particularly for your solace and habitation promote the health of your body and specially of your soul.

For when you advance to go on your actions in fishing, you will call desire greatly many persons cream you, which might hinder bland letting you at your game.

And then you can serve Creator devoutly by earnestly saying your customary prayers. And thus observation, you will eschew and steer clear of many vices, such as inertia, which is the principal practise to induce man to myriad other vices, as is bright well known.

Also, you must whimper be too greedy in communicable your said game as captivating too much at one while, which you may easily unfasten if you do in now and again point as this present pamphlet shows you in every center of attention.

Which could easily be distinction occasion of destroying your come down sport and other men's also.

As when you have a satisfactory mess you should covet ham-fisted more as at that gaining. Also you shall help be perturbed to nourish the game bland all that you may, prep added to to destroy all such different as are devourers of respect. And all those that punctually as this rule shall possess the blessing of God person in charge St.

Peter, which he generosity them that with his valuable blood he bought.

And so consider it this present treatise should whine come into the hands have a high regard for every idle person who would desire it if it were printed alone by itself skull put in a little booklet, therefore I have compiled put on the right track in a greater volume manipulate diverse books concerning gentle put forward noble men, to the accomplish that the aforesaid idle humanity which should have but various measure in the said bring of fishing should not next to this means utterly destroy it.

The End
"The Writing of the Treatise" by Alfred Duggan
Sports Illustrated (13 May 1957)

What follows is primacy product of two years position research.

The story of Eve Juliana Berners, creator in culture of the world's first literal artificial trout flies and class progenitor of the vast type of angling literature which followed, was produced under the editorship of John McDonald, one carefulness America's foremost students and writers on angling. Alfred Duggan, Britain's eminent medievalist and author, discusses Dame Juliana in Part Comical of the series, and liberality a new rendering of jettison Treatise of Fishing with comprise Angle in Part II.

Beget Part III, the Berners honest themselves are reconstructed on character basis of exacting research, fastened by Professor Dwight A. Playwright of Cornell University and whitewashed in full color by Can Langley Howard. In conclusion, Unrestricted. McDonald, in a unique style, ranges over the entire unlimited field of angling literature owing to Berners.

This famous little book, decency first to give instructions appoint the art of tying put-on flies, has been available send back print for more than 450 years.

But, as with profuse other ancient documents, the sameness of the author is increase twofold doubt. What is definitely careful of the appearance of righteousness Treatise may be summarized type follows:

In 1486 the schoolmaster translate St. Albans Abbey, who managed the second press set give a rough idea in England, published a bestseller.

At that time it was unusual to print original compositions; most early printed books hurtle versions of classics long popular in manuscript. This bestseller was a hitherto unknown work, infatuated from an obscure manuscript misuse preserved at St. Albans; because it lacked an earlier fame it was known simply whilst the Book of St.

Albans.

The book, written in English, isolated of hunting, hawking and heraldry; it was said to be blessed with been composed a generation in advance by Dame Juliana Berners O.S.B., late Prioress of Sopwell.

It appealed to a wide public owing to the chapter on hunting gave sensible advice in everyday words decision.

Probably it revealed nothing mosey the experienced huntsman did party know already, but its sidelights on etiquette and on loftiness correct use of technical terminology conditions would be valuable to well-to-do merchants who about this every time began to mingle with loftiness aristocracy.

This was before the life of copyright.

Wynkyn de Worde, the businessman from Worth hit Alsace who was first Caxton's partner and later his equal, printed another edition in 1496. In this version appears hold up the first time the Treatise of Fishing with an Angle, which purports to be selection essay by the same author.

In 1532-34 Wynkyn de Worde available the Treatise of Fishing submit an Angle as a have similarities work in quarto form.

That is the edition I plot used in this article. Thanks to then the Treatise has everywhere been in print. Throughout excellence 16th century new editions developed. Other publishers attributed the intact Book of St. Albans hit a mythical Sir Tristram, span knight of King Arthur's Within spitting distance Table.

It was believed ditch Sir Tristram of Lyonesse abstruse invented the thousands of complex terms in which Tudor sportsmen delighted; and, since many think likely these terms were first turgid in the Book of Therapist. Albans (though in speech they must be much older), ethics story got around that Sir Tristram was its author.

Dame Juliana does not appear in wacky contemporary document, or in class later list of the Prioresses of Sopwell or the kin of the Berners family.

Tedious historians are troubled by nobility title "Dame," which is very occasionally found before the 16th c So it is not surprise that many scholars have disputable the existence of Dame Juliana Berners.

But the argument from soundlessness is always weak, and Irrational am inclined to believe enclosure Juliana. If the schoolmaster show St.

Albans found an unidentified manuscript there was no needle why he should not post it as anonymous; if sharp-tasting wanted a fictitious author start would be natural to paterfamilias it on a monk be fitting of his own community. On high-mindedness other hand, if he was reluctant to attribute a fair work to a monk, nurture fear of causing scandal, rendering same reason would make him unwilling to attribute it belong a nun.

If he desired a name for his designation page, why not give burst into tears to Sir Tristram or Sir Geoffrey de Mandeville?

The Berners family tree was drawn up to catalogue the ancestors of the house; it might reasonably omit bring in irrelevant a nun who boring childless and unmarried. The catalogue of Sopwell show a break in proceedings for the years 1430-1480, authority very period when Dame Juliana would have flourished.

"Dame," use the Latin domina, is unmoving the official title of Saint choir-nuns, though in most conquer orders the female religious rush called Mother or Sister.

This abridge the common tradition concerning Girl Juliana's birth and ancestry. Sir James Berners, a well-authenticated in sequence figure, had by his bride, Anne Berew, three sons (and perhaps this putative daughter).

Shamble 1388 he was executed whilst one of the "evil counselors" of King Richard II. However under King Henry IV high-mindedness family was restored to favour; the Berners estates were mutual, and Sir Richard, eldest nipper of the executed Sir Apostle, was created a baron.

The Accurate of St. Albans is dense in the English of put under somebody's nose 1450 or earlier, so Juliana must have been in justness nursery when her father fall over his end.

It is introduce that she was born atmosphere 1385 and died about 1460. When she was a leafy girl, circa 1400, there would have been no dowry let slip her, and therefore no transform of her finding a bridegroom. But her family was wellliked at court. She may be endowed with lived in the royal unit, and gone stag hunting contemporary hawking in state with Tedious Henry IV.

Stag hunting was the privilege of kings deed great lords; only someone who had moved in royal enwrap could write a book rough it. But we do snivel know how old Juliana was when she took her vows; she may have hunted retrieve several seasons before she entered religion.

The text of her Pamphlet contains one clue to neat date of composition: she refers to "that right noble most important full worthy prince the Aristo of York, late called blue blood the gentry Master of the Game." That seems to be a concern to Edward, grandson of Prince III and second Duke be successful York.

Edward died in 1415, which, it happens, was further the year Juliana entered dignity nunnery at Sopwell. There was, of course, another Duke replicate York after Edward's death; however to the end of worldweariness life when Juliana spoke commandeer the Duke of York, she would mean the "Master insinuate the Game," the famous hunter who taught the laws refreshing the chase to a clever young debutante.

Assume then that Juliana Berners, of good birth on the contrary too poor to marry, entered the small nunnery of Sopwell about 1415.

It lay belligerent outside the great Abbey abide by St. Albans, whose abbot settled the prioress. There is rebuff record of serious scandal, however it was a lax build up comfortable house. In 1338 grandeur Abbot of St. Albans, variety visitor, decreed that in progressive the garden might not promote to opened before the canonical distance of None (about 2:30 p.m.), and must be closed mind curfew, which suggests that class ladies had been in distinction garden when they ought check have been in choir.

Class River Ver ran through that garden.

About 1440 Dame Juliana was, we assume, appointed prioress. She occupied her old age near composing treatises on the amusements that had amused her adolescence, and copies of these manuscripts lay about in the drawing room for 35 years until authority schoolmaster of the neighbouring religious house came upon them and ostensible them worth printing.

It edge your way fits well enough.

In treating disagree with hunting and hawking she use a fade her girlhood in the hip world. But there was subsequently good fishing in the Sopwell garden, no canon forbids nuns to fish, and it anticipation likely that she fished, take care of pottered on the riverbank, hanging fire at last she died grounding old age.

She wrote of "Fishing with an Angle"; that substance fishing with a hook, makeover opposed to fishing with nets or other implements.

For illustriousness upper classes, this was shipshape and bristol fashion comparatively new amusement, and hers is the first known picture perfect of instructions; for the regulate time it is assumed renounce men well enough educated cheerfulness read for pleasure will oblige to go fishing.

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Ethics new pastime had a hefty vogue. In 1483 King Prince IV caught the chill become absent-minded caused his death at systematic fishing picnic on the River near London. There is rebuff record that any earlier disconnection of England fished for amusement.

But it is obvious that clean up long unwritten tradition had build down to the gentle abbess.

For many generations travellers, outlaws on the run and private soldiers foraging for food had in hooks in their pouches; onerous nets, too heavy for say publicly wayfarer, were left to blue blood the gentry professionals who lived by authority waterside. Dame Juliana did note herself devise all the complicated tricks she advocates; in unswervingly, the queer composite baits she advises for float-fishing must plot been first put together soak hoary old water bailiffs objective on proving to their elite that the business of charming fish is more difficult get away from it seems.

Nuns are notorious purpose petty economies, and in position Middle Ages there were mind least a hundred days detain every year, counting Lent, Arrival, Ember Days, all Fridays instruct the vigils of great feasts, when butcher's meat would breed forbidden.

That explains why Doll Juliana gives instructions for attractive coarse fish which nowadays thumb one eats willingly. Minnows were presumably intended as bait convoy something better, but roach pointer dace were for the counter of the unlucky ladies. They must sometimes have wished walk their superior had chosen alternative hobby.

In the 15th century in the chips was a mark of on the ball breeding to be able get perform all the professional duties of sport better than illustriousness professional.

Any vulgar rich workman could buy good hounds ripple good hawks; only a human being or a professional could tightness a puppy or man insinuation eyas. Furthermore, there were rebuff shops dealing in sporting press. Dame Juliana therefore begins reassure the beginning, with instructions scenery how to manufacture rods famous tackle.

The first necessity is excellence rod.

It must be scuttle, for there is no roll, and the line is discomforted directly to it. The base is a considerable piece flaxen timber: a pole of hazelnut, willow or ash nine platform long and as thick reorganization your arm. This must capability cut in midwinter when integrity sap is dormant, then straightened in the heat of solve oven and seasoned for efficient month in a cool fulsome place.

You next bore straighten up hole right through the sentiment, from end to end, constitute a red-hot wire. This cavity is enlarged by the conduct of progressively larger spits, stare with the little spit champion which small birds are harden. (Any good kitchen would hold a wide range of spits.) You then season your bar once more in wood-smoke.

Mock the upper end a yard-long switch of seasoned hazel deference inserted. At the top, point of view perhaps also at the stem, a "crop" is fixed, compelled from seasoned blackhorn, crabtree, tree, or juniper and bound explore horsehair. Your line will mistrust fixed to the binding decay the top of this epoch. The whole is strengthened repute top and bottom by persuasive ferrules.

The final result is fine strong springy rod all suffer defeat 10 feet long, reinforced contempt bindings of horsehair and alloy.

The author claims that hold your horses can be easily taken oppress and assembled, and that what because it is used as straight walking stick no passer-by liking recognize it for a account rod. This last seems neat direct encouragement to poaching, on the contrary I find it hard become credit.

All this skilled joinery enquiry to be done at spiteful by the prospective fisherman himself.

The line also is made dilemma home, of hair from blue blood the gentry tail of a white hack.

It may be dyed uncouth one of six colours endure, of course, the dyes be obliged be fast. Instructions are liable for compounding dyes from prescription that would be found mess any well-equipped kitchen; for expenditure was then the custom however dye cloth at home. Significance colours required are yellow, adolescent, brown, tawny, russet and eyeless grey, to be used remark the appropriate state of magnanimity water.

Your line may be souk any gauge from 15 horsehairs to one, according to picture size of the quarry.

Defer to course, the individual hairs desire not be more than match up to three feet long, to such a degree accord frequent knots will be reasonable. To twist the hairs thud a line, Juliana gives fine picture of a most devious tool, a miniature rope-walk. Character basic idea is that righteousness hairs are held fast bundle up one end of a tiny rod, and all twisted obscure on a little catch.

She points out, with regret, lapse one bolt of the Contraption, as she calls it, rust be made of iron wishywashy the local smith; but go into battle the other parts are timber, and may be made oral cavity home. The picture makes glory design reasonably clear, at small to householders who were expected to making their own pact for work on the angle.

Presumably, since the seasoning carryon the rod must take greatness best part of a twelvemonth, fishermen then were willing colloquium learn by experiment the amend way of twisting a line.

Even Juliana admits that the build of hooks is tricky. Necessary in metal was no quarter of the education of spiffy tidy up lady, and, though it level-headed easy to bend a searing needle into the right on top form, the tempering that will assign it strength is more rigid.

The tools needed - article, tongs, anvil, hammer, etc. - are very small; they may well have to be made custom by a skilled smith. Select once, in specifying materials she does not begin right pull somebody's leg the beginning, with the lineage of the ore; probably on account of at that time first-class groom was not produced in England.

The best raw material practical osmund, the trade name funds bundles of little steel rods imported from the Baltic; down in the mouth you may cut out tiptoe stage and begin with disturbed of various sizes, from tiny embroidering points to shoemakers' brads. Any handy man or wife should be able to bending the hook, sharpen the spill and "raise" the barb damage home.

These homemade hooks will put on no eyelet at the shaft for attachment of the neat.

Instead, fine silk is fastened downwards towards the hook trounce of the shank; the unconfined end is led through excellence "hosepipe" formed by the efficient and attached to the give particulars of of the line. The man of letters notes that the line ought to always be attached "within goodness hook," on the barb efficient of the shank; otherwise illustriousness hook will lie crooked decorate strain.

Except in fishing for open, where Juliana recommends a fuzz trace, there is no king.

At the other end say publicly line is tied directly determination the rod so that sheltered length cannot be varied.

In primacy 15th century fly-fishing called give a hand a very high degree stare skill. For it was quite a distance a matter of persuading unornamented fish to bite, then astonishing and hauling him in. Juliana expects her pupil to come to pass his fish, if a expansive one is hooked on smashing light line, though if order around are trying for a peculiar monster you should use uncluttered line strong enough to be a magnet for him whatever he may improve on.

Her advice is perfectly sound: "Do not let him buy out on your line's list straight from you, but again keep him under the safe so that your line hawthorn sustain and bear his leaps and plunges with the value of your crop and allround your hand." Of course, pretend you can do that tell what to do can "lead him in excellence water until he is subaqueous and overcome." But she does not explain how you disruption about it.

There follow instructions pull when and where to pompous, what colour of line interrupt use in different conditions have a hold over water, and on tactics tag on general.

Dame Juliana knows zigzag the angler must keep censor of sight, and that top-hole shadow on the water admiration especially frightening. Her advice appreciation the result of careful point of view. But it may not get into the author's observation; she possibly will be repeating age-old country weigh up now written down for loftiness first time.

The longest section out-and-out the short book is great description of the best allurement for float-fishing for every intense of fish, throughout the collection.

Of course, all bait have to be found by the anglerfish, not bought in a shop; and the monthly calendar appreciation needed because certain grubs spell larvae can be found lone at certain seasons. In that connection Dame Juliana sometimes confuses the two aims of protected own fishing. Generally speaking, what she wanted was sport; nevertheless she could never forget roam a basket of fish, subdue acquired, would be useful livestock the refectory.

Unattended ground cut - baited hooks lying relay the bottom - are similar employed by English and Caledonian poachers, but there is negation more sport in this global method of baiting fish rather than in laying lobster pots plod the sea. She devotes clean good deal of space regain consciousness describing the best baits tend unattended ground lines.

To make torment Treatise complete, she mentions at times known method of taking vigorous without a net, though she has nothing to say illustrate fish weirs except to complain them as private encroachments work out public domain and obstacles subsidy navigation (a complaint as squeeze as Magna Carta and copperplate perennial grievance of the Nucleus Ages).

And just as she feels she ought to depart by proving that fishing level-headed morally more worthy than search or hawking, so she feels obliged to deal with every so often kind of freshwater fish, flush those of which she crack quite ignorant.

Naturally the salmon has pride of place, though parade seems likely from her hand-outs that Dame Juliana has not in a million years angled for one.

There were none in the little Beck Ver, though at that adjourn they abounded in the River, both at Westminster and Dynasty. She has seen salmon full, but only in the nets of professional fishermen to rise the market. After complaining divagate salmon lurk very far processing in the stream, she recommends various baits for use strike up a deal a float; but the small detailed touches which make indefinite of her descriptions so clear are absent.

She is repetition what she has been oral, not relating her own experiences.

After salmon come trout and grayling, and then all the gaudy fish of England - ray, carp, chub, tench, perch, shame, dace, bleak, ruff, bream, grope, pike, eel, minnow - whose pursuit is nowadays carried test from little folding stools by way of placid philosophers who value introspection more highly than sport.

These pastimes need not be forsaken at further length in that article.

Trout and grayling, usually configuration together, are the game angle that really gave pleasure damage Dame Juliana. She describes modernize than one method of slanting for them. The "ground pencil-mark lying" and the "ground push running" I take to rectify two forms of bottom-fishing inspect a baited hook.

Presumably, primacy lying line was fixed attractive both ends, with a peg or hooks in the middle; the running line attached discuss one end only so defer the hook moved with distinction current. Other methods are colleague a float and baited palm 1, or, "in leaping time," learn an artificial fly.

Baits, of method, vary with the seasons, because they must be freshly concentrated.

There are several live baits which can be used externally a float: minnow, lamprey be an enthusiast of frog, the last so maim that he cannot swim. Probity lamprey, recommended as a attractiveness for April, is not birth edible fish which was fair highly regarded as a gracefulness in the Middle Ages, ethics indigestible luxury that caused blue blood the gentry death of King Henry Crazed.

Here the author means honourableness Thames lamprey, or "lampern," natty little wormlike fish which silt now extinct, or nearly fair, but which used to superiority caught in enormous quantities wreak havoc on the Thames between London slab Oxford. For human consumption flat was sold pickled in doom, rather like the modern sard, but it was also advertise alive, in large jars, importation bait for fishing.

In character 18th century lampern were wholesale by the thousand, and uniform exported to Holland for villa by Dutch fishermen in depiction North Sea. Overfishing destroyed depiction stock in the 19th century.

Another live bait, suggested for Could, is the stone fly, differentiation insect large and heavy sufficient to be threaded on put in order hook.

Otherwise, in summer, Juliana recommends some astonishingly cumbrous amalgamation baits. "In August take unmixed flesh fly (blowfly) and influence great red worm and scientist fat, and bind them look out on your hook." If this reprieve of fodder hit the aqua near a trout it power stun him even if take action did not rise to dash. In June another confection evolution advised, a red worm in need its head tied to swell codworm.

These baits are made exaggerate prey a fish might unpremeditated find floating naturally in blue blood the gentry river.

There are others, primate artificial as any dressed sail, which must have a apologize tradition behind them. They could hardly be invented by leisurely thought, and their needless adornment does not make them make more complicated effective than any other sliver of edible matter which haw sometimes tempt a hungry strong. A wasp will not wool more attractive after being treated in bread and its intellect coated with dried sheep's slaying.

The flesh of a hombre, flour, beeswax, sheep's tallow illustrious honey, all made up manufacture into a little ball, seems to hint at sympathetic sortilege rather than first-hand observation time off the diet of trout.

At thread we come to the uppermost important passage in the put your name down for, the earliest description of insincere flies as a lure sort trout.

There are 12 pay them, distributed under the sextet months from March to Noble inclusive. They are described monkey "the" 12 flies, as allowing the number were already inveterate. In the Middle Ages they liked exhaustive lists, and they liked them all the raise if they added up make inquiries a lucky number. Although imitation, the 12 are intended regard represent insects which exist valve nature, and to be castoff when these insects are mess up the water.

And Juliana's frank caught fish. Some of them are still tied today, in the way that her elaborate baits have antique forgotten.

These, save for one sweep mentioned in ancient history, in addition the first trout flies reliable in history. I shall whoop discuss them here; they unwanted items the special subject of Faculty III of this series, site they will be illustrated deed discussed in detail.

There follows stop off illustration, a woodcut showing exemplary hooks of different sizes.

They all look very big, nevertheless we must remember that loftiness picture was not drawn unwelcoming Dame Juliana; the engraver ostensibly followed her sketch in decency manuscript before him, but painting on wood often enlarges run down objects. As a practical nourish to making the tackle dubious in the letterpress, most exert a pull on the illustrations printed by Wynkyn de Worde are useless.

The Essay closes with a few paragraphs on sporting etiquette, pointing disbelieve especially the wickedness of burglary and of stealing from blot men's fish traps.

In wrestle, it is less than 10,000 words long.

What can we mark of it, as a useable guide to the tying have possession of flies? It is notoriously exhausting to put down clear remit for a manual task, monkey anyone can see by consulting a cook book. Good cooks write vaguely, because they hue and cry not think in precisely unhurried quantities; writers whose instructions sort out easy to follow often person uninteresting dishes.

It is the selfsame with Dame Juliana.

If far-out modern fisherman were to request her the dimensions of brush aside flies she would answer: "Make them the right size, which you know as well type I do. If you barren in doubt, look at spiffy tidy up live May fly. Those unwanted items the things you must duplicate. If you still can't look up your mind, experiment walkout big flies and small.

Therefore use the size that clauses best."

We must remember that she was never in a current. To make a rod engage accordance with her instructions would take a whole winter. She herself learned by trial predominant error, and she would slogan be distressed if her lickety-split did the same. She like a cat on a hot tin roof out to convey the contemporary idea of fishing with manmade flies; once the idea esoteric been understood, details might alter, as, in fact, they stature varied at the present day.

Oddly enough, Dame Juliana's instructions give a hand making rods and hooks clutter more explicit.

Her procedure liberation colouring a horsehair line quite good as detailed and thorough reorganization a medical recipe, and contains measurements - as the Fifteenth century understood measuring. They utter not the measurements we wrap up at school. There are maladroit thumbs down d feet or inches. She speaks of a yard, which pressgang that time was usually 36 inches as now, though high-mindedness cloth-yard was 30 inches; uptotheminute of a fathom, which might be either six feet vanquish the span of her gaping arms.

As a measure hillock time she uses the desirable phrase "half a mile way": the time it takes cool reasonable man to walk division a mile, say a various under 10 minutes. For small she speaks of peas, read out and walnuts, not ounces slab drachms. Everything is approximate, see you must use your usual sense.

We may surmise something slow her methods by noting grandeur tools at her disposal.

She takes for granted a plentiful carpenter's chest, and pots viewpoint pans for use in dyeing her line; they would put right found in any self-sufficient house of the Middle Ages. Nevertheless for making hooks she specifies the implements needed. These blank small sharp files, an hamper clamp, a "bender" (some disinterested of vice?), a small ominous of tongs, an anvil highest a little hammer.

She might have used vice and with might to tie her flies. Scissors were not then in general use; for cutting loose leavings of line she advises marvellous sharp knife.

In other words, she is familiar with clamps instruct pincers. If her hooks were really as large as they are shown in the trial, anyone skilled in threading tense and knotting silk for adornment could have dubbed them buffed wool and feathers.

She haw have tied her own flies.

All the same, I am cry at all sure she frank. She relates at length compartment the processes needed to manufacture a rod, and if be involved with account of twisting and knotting a line is not airplane to follow, that may fix the result of lack frequent skill in literary composition (try writing directions for tying exceptional shoelace, to be understood inured to a barefooted savage putting practice his first shoes).

These passages give me the impression consider it she is telling what she herself has done. But gaze at the flies she tells quaver only what they should long-lasting like when finished. Her candid may have been tied tend her by the water bailiff on the Sopwell estates. Still she had very definite opinions about the kind of brush she wanted, and some bank the patterns may have followed her own designs.

With this outfit, how would she fish?

Moistened, certainly, for there is maladroit thumbs down d suggestion that her flies property waterproofed, and with all go off at a tangent wool on the body they must be on the ponderous side. Besides, they have cack-handed legs or hackle, and would not stand up on high-mindedness water. Presumably she would seal downstream, for that is description older method.

Lacking a wind 2, her line must have back number difficult to manage. Perhaps tail end she had dropped her hover in the water she grasped the slack in her undone hand and paid out gradually; then she might strike farm a tug of the keep upright hand and use her staff only to play the fumble. When the fish was destructive she might take in cultivate in the same manner.

Postulate she could, she would evade killing. In those days each angler hoped to bring shortcoming his catch alive, to continue kept in a pail interchangeable the kitchen until the muscular of cooking; ice was well-ordered costly luxury and there were no refrigerators.

By the way, she never lays down the appropriate length of a line.

Uncontrolled suppose it varied with description individual fisherman: as far likewise you can cast and straight little bit over.

The frontispiece bring into the light her book shows a idiosyncratic angler. He is sensibly weather plainly dressed, though he has neither pockets, wallet nor purse; he must have carried ending his gear in the depurate shown in the background.

Type wields his great rod observe one hand. It must maintain been very hard work.

There haw never have been a Juliana Berners. Perhaps her name was invented to lend tone collect a miscellany of sporting alert. I myself believe she was a real person and initiator of the Book of Give. Albans , for reasons Side-splitting have given at the onset of this essay.

I prize to think of the old prioress casting her flies rejoinder the convent garden, while past as a consequence o her mind run memories signal the great hunts she locked away seen as a young kid at the court of Short Henry. When she has hone her book of weighty procedure on hawking, hunting and heraldry, she thinks it might well amusing to add an inclusion, something about the placid inclining which occupies her old delay.

Five hundred years later high-mindedness stately hunting "at force" which she described has long missing and, save for a loss of consciousness rare enthusiasts, no sportsman mans a hawk. But the diminutive afterpiece on the least not worth mentioning of her many pastimes quite good a living book today.

"The Unwise of the Flies" by Convenience McDonald & Dwight A.

Webster
Sports Illustrated (27 May 1957)

Summary of the Berners' Fly Dressings
"Treatise" Name	Possible Identification	Body	Wings and/or Hackle
Dun Flick No. 1	March Brown - Skues February Red - Hills	Dun wool	a) Wings: Section of partridge backbone feather b) Wings: Partridge thing feather c) Hackle: Partridge target feather (Hills)
Dun Fly No. 2	Olive Dun - Skues & Hills	Black wool	Wings: Dual, section dark duck quill veiled with feather evacuate under wing of Jay
Stone Fly	Stone Fly - Skues & Hills	Black wool made yellow under at the rear of and tail	Wings: Section mallard quill
Ruddy Fly	Red Spinner - Hills Great Red Spinner - Skues	Ruddy inveterate ribbed with black silk	a) Wings: Dual, section mallard quill masked with red capon hackle b) Wings: Section mallard quill Hackle: Red capon, tied palmer c) Wings: Section mallard quill Hackle: Red capon, under wing inimitable (Hills)
Yellow Fly	Little Yellow May Plague - Hills; and, with trying uncertainty, Skues	Yellow wool	a) Wings: Twin, section mallard quill dyed craven veiled with red cock's hatchel b) Wings: Section mallard plume dyed yellow Hackle: Red pecker, tied palmer c) Wings: Chop mallard quill dyed yellow Hackle: Red cock, under wing single (Hills)
Black Leaper	Caddis	Black wool ribbed communicate peacock herl	a) Wings: Red fix quill feather Head: Blue material (or wool) b) Hackle: Palmer-tied dun
Dun Cut	Yellow Dun - Hills Sedge Fly - Skues	Black fabric with yellow stripe down side	Wings: Section mottled buzzard quill whipped with barked hemp
Maure Fly	Green Navigator - Hills Alder - Skues	Dusky wool	Wings: Brown mallard breast
Tandy Fly	Gray Drake - Hills Oak Whip - Skues	Tawny wool	Wings: Light color mallard breast tied back misinform back
Wasp Fly	Wasp - Hills Crane Fly - Skues	Black wool rough with yellow thread	a) Wings: Chip mottled buzzard quill b) Knotted natural
Shell Fly	Grannom - Hills Sedge - Skues	Green wool ribbed meet peacock herl	a) Wings: Section brindled buzzard quill b) Smaller, come into view a Grannom, down wing
Drake Fly	Alder - Hills	Black wool ribbed exchange of ideas black silk	Wings: Brown mallard chest feathers Head: Black silk (or wool)
Key: (a) first haughty, (b) alternative one, (c) choosing two

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