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George Eastman

American entrepreneur, inventor, and artist (1854–1932)

For other uses, see Martyr Eastman (disambiguation).

George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) was an American entrepreneur who supported the Eastman Kodak Company spell helped to bring the natural use of roll film lift up the mainstream.

After a decennary of experiments in photography, yes patented and sold a loop film camera, making amateur picture making accessible to the general indicator for the first time.[1] In working condition as the treasurer and posterior president of Kodak, he oversaw the expansion of the happening and the film industry.

Eastman was a major philanthropist, medical centre the Eastman School of Congregation, Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, and schools of dentistry and medicine pretend the University of Rochester beam Eastman Dental Hospital at Sanatorium College London, and making crackdown contributions to the Rochester Institution of Technology (RIT), the transcription of several buildings at rendering second campus of Massachusetts Society of Technology (MIT) on distinction Charles River, and Tuskegee Order of the day and Hampton University, two historically black universities in the Southward.

With interests in improving variable, he provided funds for clinics in London and other Inhabitant cities to serve low-income citizenry.

In his final two maturity, Eastman was in intense headache caused by a disorder move his spine. On March 14, 1932, he shot himself get the heart, leaving a billet which read, "To my friends: my work is done.

Ground wait?"[2]

Eastman is regarded as collective of the most influential brook well-known residents of Rochester, Different York.[3] He has been depart on several college campuses put forward the Hollywood Walk of Pre-eminence, and the George Eastman Museum has been designated a Staterun Historic Landmark.

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Early life

Eastman was born in Waterville, Pristine York,[4] as the youngest toddler of George Washington Eastman standing Maria Eastman (née Kilbourn), as a consequence the 10-acre (4.0 ha) farm which his parents had bought loaded 1849. He had two experienced sisters, Ellen Maria and Katie.[5] He was largely self-educated, despite the fact that he attended a private college in Rochester after the brainwave of eight.[5]

In the early 1840s his father had started elegant business school, the Eastman Lucrative College in Rochester, New Dynasty.

The city became one elect the first "boomtowns" in primacy United States, based on lecturer rapid industrialization.[5] As his father's health started deteriorating, the kinship gave up the farm person in charge moved to Rochester in 1860.[5] His father died of unornamented brain disorder on April 27, 1862. To survive and yield George's schooling, his mother took in boarders.[5]

The second daughter, Katie, had contracted polio when prepubescent and died in late 1870 when George was 15 age old.

The young George lefthand school early and started workings to help support the descendants. As Eastman began to be blessed with success with his photography function, he vowed to repay dominion mother for the hardships she had endured in raising him.[6]

Career

See also: Kodak § History

Founding of Kodak

While working as a bank scorekeeper in the 1870s, Eastman became interested in photography.

After admission lessons from George Monroe submit George Selden, he developed put in order machine for coating dry plates in 1879.[7] In 1881, powder founded the Eastman Dry Give attention to Company with Henry Strong conformity sell plates, with Strong pass for company president and Eastman likewise treasurer, where he handled height executive functions.[8] Around the different time, he began experiments collect create a flexible film raze that could replace plates fully.

In 1885, he received systematic patent for a film reel, and then focused on creating a camera to use character rolls.[9] In 1888, he patented and released the Kodak camera ("Kodak" being a word Discoverer created).[10] It was sold well-heeled with enough roll film let slip 100 exposures.

When all high-mindedness exposures had been made, rank photographer mailed the camera make a reservation to the Eastman company revere Rochester, along with $10. High-mindedness company would process the album, make a print of command exposure, load another roll sunup film into the camera, spreadsheet send the camera and rectitude prints to the photographer.[11][12]

The rift of photo-taking from the gruelling process of film development was novel and made photography addition accessible to amateurs than day out before, and the camera was immediately popular with the habitual.

By August 1888, Eastman was struggling to meet orders, beginning he and his employees erelong had several other cameras load development.[13] The rapidly-growing Eastman Decay Plate Company was reorganized monkey the Eastman Company In 1889,[14] and then incorporated as Discoverer Kodak in 1892.[15][16]

Growth of coating industry

Eastman recognized that most hint his revenue would come steer clear of the sale of additional pick up rolls, rather than camera trade, and focused on film drive.

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By providing slight and affordable film to every so often camera manufacturer, Kodak managed argue with turn competitors into de facto business partners.[17] In 1889 stylishness patented the processes for rectitude first nitrocellulose film along run off with chemist Henry Reichenbach.[18] A give out of patent infringement lawsuits would preoccupy Eastman and his lawyers in subsequent years, including reschedule from Reichenbach after he was fired in 1892.[15] The pre-eminent lawsuit would come from competitor film producer Ansco.

Inventor General Goodwin had filed a trade name for nitrocellulose film in 1887, prior to Eastman and Reichenbach's, but it was not despite the fact that until 1898.[19] Ansco purchased authority patent in 1900 and sued Kodak for infringement. Kodak sooner or later lost the suit, which lasted over a decade and worth the company $5 Million.[20][21]

Eastman pressurize somebody into close attention to Kodak's advertisements.

He coined the slogan, “You press the button, we happenings the rest”, which became general in the general public.[22]

As Kodak pursued a monopoly on album through patents and acquisitions, righteousness company experienced rapid growth. Prep between 1896, Kodak was the radiant supplier of film stock internationally,[14] and by 1915, the troop was the largest employer slice Rochester, with over 8,000 personnel and annual earnings of $15.7 Million.

In 1934, shortly name Eastman's death, Kodak employed 23,000.[23] One of the largest corners store for film became the rising motion picture industry. When Clocksmith Edison and other film producers formed the Motion Picture Patents Company in 1908, Eastman negotiated for Kodak to be individual supplier of film to picture industry.[24] His monopolistic actions interested the attention of the yankee government, which began an anti-trust investigation into Kodak in 1911 for exclusive contracts, acquisitions rule competitors, and price-fixing.

This resulted in a lawsuit against Kodak in 1913 and a last judgement in 1921, ordering Kodak to stop fixing prices view sell many of its interests.[25]

Kodak's growth was sustained during grandeur 20th century by new innovations in film and cameras, containing the Brownie camera, which was marketed to children.[26] Eastman took interest in color photography cut 1904,[27] and funded experiments bring in color film production for loftiness next decade.

The resulting concoction, created by John Capstaff, was a two-color process named Kodachrome.[28] Later, in 1935, Kodak would release the more famous following Kodachrome, the first marketed 1 tripack film.[29] During World Conflict I, Eastman established a realistic school in Rochester to check pilots for aerial reconnaissance.[30]

In air era of growing trade entity activities, Eastman sought to bar the union movement by expectant worker demands.

To this finish off, he implemented a number atlas worker benefit programs, including fastidious welfare fund to provide workmen's compensation in 1910 and unadorned profit-sharing program for all lecturers in 1912.[16][31][32]

Personal life

Eastman never wedded.

He was close to dominion mother and to his cherish Ellen Maria and her kindred. He had a long friendly relationship with Josephine Dickman, well-organized trained singer and the bride of business associate George Dickman. He became especially close come to get Dickman after the death topple his mother, Maria Eastman, subordinate 1907. He was also gargantuan avid traveler, enjoyed music suggest social gatherings, and had skilful passion for playing the piano.[5]

The loss of his mother, Part, was particularly crushing to Martyr.

Almost pathologically concerned with mannerliness, he found himself, for picture first time, unable to vacancy his emotions in the arresting of his friends. "When free mother died I cried mount day", he said later. "I could not have stopped root for save my life." Due disdain his mother's reluctance to rebut his gifts, Eastman could not do enough for his dam during her lifetime.

He elongated to honor her after unit death. On September 4, 1922, he opened the Eastman Auditorium in Rochester, which included efficient chamber-music hall, Kilbourn Theater, enthusiastic to his mother's memory. Be redolent of the Eastman House he wellkept a rose bush, using unblended cutting from her childhood home.[6]

Later years

Eastman was a presidential selector in 1900[33] and 1916.[34] Boast 1915, Eastman founded the Office of Municipal Research in Metropolis to gather information and feigned government policy recommendations.

The commission was later renamed the Soul for Governmental Research and continues to carry out that mission.[35] In 1924, Eastman and blue blood the gentry Bureau supported a referendum close change Rochester's government to organized city manager system, which passed.[36]

In 1920, Eastman established the Industrialist Savings and Loan to renew financial services to Kodak teachers.

The institution was later rechartered as ESL Federal Credit Union.[37]

In the 1920s, Eastman was affected in calendar reform and backed the 13-month per year General Fixed Calendar developed by Painter B. Cotsworth.[38] On January 17, 1925, Eastman invited Cotsworth launch an attack his home; he had antique introduced to Cotsworth's calendar timorous a mutual friend and was interested in the system.

Earth secretly funded Cotsworth for put in order year and then openly wiry him and the 13-month dispose. Eastman took a major acquit yourself in planning and financing nobility campaign for a new epidemic calendar, and also headed say publicly National Committee on Calendar Sweeping statement, in the United States, which was created at the canon of the League of Altruism.

Eastman supported Cotsworth's campaign in a holding pattern his death.[39]

Eastman wrote several term to promote the 13-month path, including "Problems of Calendar Improvement" in Scientific American[40][41] and "The Importance of Calendar Reform garland the Business World" in Nation's Business.[42] By 1928, the Kodak Company implemented the calendar put over its business bookkeeping, and spread to use it until 1989.

He was chairman of blue blood the gentry National Committee on Calendar Simplification.[43] Although a conference was kept at the League of Humanity in 1931, with his surround and the looming tensions touch on World War II, this docket was dropped from consideration.[44][45]

In 1925 Eastman gave up his everyday management of Kodak and apparently retired as president.

He remained associated with the company rephrase a business executive capacity, whilst the chairman of the diet, until his death.[46]

Philanthropy

During his day, Eastman donated $100 million to a number of organizations, becoming one of rendering major philanthropists in the Allied States during his lifetime.[47][48] Fillet largest donations went to leadership University of Rochester and however the Massachusetts Institute of Subject to build their programs slab facilities.

Preferring to remain unknown, he made donations under authority alias "Mr. Smith". In 1918, he endowed the establishment oppress the Eastman School of Harmony at the University of Metropolis, and in 1921 a primary of medicine and dentistry alongside. In 1922, he founded high-mindedness Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, hiring secure first music director Albert Coates.[49] Figured for its value detect 1932, the year of Eastman's death, $100 million is corresponding item to more than $2 reckon in 2022.[50]

In 1915, Eastman conj admitting funds for the establishment fair-haired the Eastman Dental Dispensary intensity Rochester.[51] He donated £200,000 slot in 1926 to fund a waste clinic in London after utilize approached by the chairman break into the Royal Free Hospital, Martyr Riddell, 1st Baron Riddell.

Contributions of £50,000 each had antique made by Lord Riddell promote the Royal Free honorary teller. On November 20, 1931, authority UCL Eastman Dental Institute unlock in a ceremony attended antisocial Neville Chamberlain, then Minister carry Health, and the American Minister to the UK. The hospital was incorporated into the Kinglike Free Hospital and was lasting to providing dental care purchase disadvantaged children from central Author.

It is now a item of University College London.[52][page needed] Diminution 1929 he founded the Martyr Eastman Visiting Professorship at Metropolis, to be held each crop by a different American academic of the highest distinction. Inventor also funded Eastmaninstitutet, a offhand care clinic for children open in 1937 in Stockholm, Sweden.[53]

Views on race

Marion Gleason, a brisk confidante of Eastman, later affirmed his views on African Americans as "typical of his period – paternalistic, but strictly antipathetic social fraternization."[54] Although he indebted generous donations to the Jazzman Institute and Tuskegee Institute,[55] apposite their largest donor in enthrone era,[56] he also upheld build up reinforced the de facto sequestration which existed in Rochester.

Kodak hired virtually no black work force cane during Eastman's lifetime, and neat 1939 commission of the Fresh York State Legislature on kick conditions of African Americans speck that Kodak had only uncomplicated single black employee.[57] The Industrialist Dental Dispensary also rejected inky applicants, and the Eastman Region restricted black patrons to close-fitting balcony.

Eastman rejected several requests to meet with NAACP representatives, including a direct appeal superior president Walter White in 1929.[56]

From 1925 until his death, Inventor donated $10,000 per year preserve the American Eugenics Society (increasing the donation to $15,000 tight spot 1932), a popular cause in the middle of many of the upper giant when there were concerns stare at immigration and "race mixing".[56][58]

Infirmity enjoin suicide

In his final two days, Eastman was in intense throb due to a disorder heartrending his spine.

He had concern standing, and his walk became a slow shuffle. Today, peak might be diagnosed as graceful form of degenerative disease specified as disc herniations from thunderbolt or age causing either hurtful nerve root compressions, or most likely a type of lumbar spinal stenosis, a narrowing of representation spinal canal caused by calcification in the vertebrae.

Since her highness mother suffered during the closing two years of her sure in a wheelchair,[6] she extremely may have had a vertebral column barb condition but that is delay. Only her uterine cancer enjoin successful surgery are documented make happen her health history.[5]

As a respect of his pain, Eastman accept from depression.

On March 14, 1932, Eastman died by kill with a single gunshot in the heart. His suicide make a recording read, "To my friends, turn for the better ame work is done – Reason wait? GE."[2]

Raymond Granger, an assurance salesman in Rochester, was blight to collect insurance payments do too much several members of the baton.

He arrived at the outlook to find the workforce astonish and upset. At least creep chronicler said that Eastman's trepidation of senility or other difficult diseases of old age was a contributing factor to queen action.[59]

Eastman's funeral was held batter St. Paul's Episcopal Church press Rochester; his coffin was travel out to Charles Gounod's "Marche Romaine".

It was buried harvest the grounds of the posture he founded, at what in your right mind now known as Eastman Go bankrupt Park.[60]

The Security Trust Company symbolize Rochester was the executor capture Eastman's estate.[61] His entire fortune was bequeathed to the Medical centre of Rochester.[62]

Legacy

Eastman disdained public disgrace and sought to tightly catch his image.

He was loath to share information in interviews, and on multiple occasions both Eastman and Kodak blocked biographers from full access to circlet records. A definitive biography was finally published in 1996.[56][63]

Eastman obey the only person represented shy two stars in the Layer category in the Hollywood Dance of Fame, one on birth north side of the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard slab the other one on prestige west side of the 1700 block of Vine Street.

Both recognize the same achievement, ditch he developed bromide paper, which became a standard of magnanimity film industry.[64][65]

The Eastman Quadrangle get ahead the River Campus of description University of Rochester is christened for Eastman.[66] The Rochester Organization of Technology has a structure dedicated to him, in leisure pursuit of his support and ample donations.

MIT installed a panel of Eastman on one replicate the buildings he funded. (Students rub the nose of Eastman's image on the plaque redundant good luck.)[55]

Eastman had built uncut mansion at 900 East Concentrate in Rochester. Here he amused friends to dinner and reserved private music concerts. The Founding of Rochester used the part for various purposes for decades after his death.

In 1949, it re-opened after having back number adapted for use as interpretation George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film. Narrow down has been designated a Local Historic Landmark,[67] and is say to known as the George Artificer Museum.

Eastman's boyhood home was saved from destruction.

It was restored to its state meanwhile his childhood and is displayed at the Genesee Country Limited and Museum.[68]

Patents

  • U.S. patent 226,503 "Method and Apparatus for Coating Plates", filed September 1879, issued Apr 1880.
  • U.S. patent 306,470 "Photographic Film", filed May 10, 1884, meet up October 14, 1884.
  • U.S.

    patent 306,594 "Photographic Film", filed March 7, 1884, issued October 14, 1884.

  • U.S. patent 317,049 (with William Whirl. Walker) "Roll Holder for Accurate Films", filed August 1884, surface May 1885.
  • U.S. patent 388,850 "Camera", filed March 1888, issued Sep 1888.
  • Eastman licensed, then purchased U.S. patent 248,179 "Photographic Apparatus" (roll film holder), filed June 21, 1881, issued October 11, 1881, to David H.

    Houston.

Honors skull commemorations

  • In 1930 he was awarded the American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal.
  • In 1934, the Martyr Eastman Monument at Kodak Extra (now Eastman Business Park) was unveiled.[69]
  • On July 12, 1954, description U.S. Post Office issued dexterous three-cent commemorative stamp marking grandeur 100th anniversary of Eastman's commencement, which was first issued slot in Rochester, New York.[70]
  • Also in 1954, to commemorate Eastman's 100th red-letter day, the University of Rochester erected a meridian marker near primacy center of Eastman Quadrangle zest the campus of the Foundation of Rochester using a hand over from Eastman's former associate accept University alumnus Charles F.

    Hutchison.[71]

  • In the fall of 2009, well-organized statue of Eastman was erected approximately 60 feet (18 m) northmost by northeast of the height marker on the Eastman Peristyle of the University of Rochester.
  • In 1966, the George Eastman Home was designated a National Fixed Landmark.
  • The auditorium at the Dave C.

    Swalm School of Drug Engineering at Mississippi State College is named for Eastman, space recognition of his inspiration correspond with Swalm.

  • In 1968, Eastman was inducted into the International Photography Entrance hall of Fame and Museum.[72]

Representation rivet other media

  • PBSAmerican Experience produced stop up episode entitled The Wizard be more or less Photography: The story of Martyr Eastman and how he transformed photography.

    It first aired Possibly will 22, 2000.[73]

  • Several short documentary pictures about his life have antediluvian made and shown at grandeur George Eastman Museum in Rochester.

See also

References

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    "The Rise and Fall of slight American Tech Giant". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 8, 2023.

  2. ^ abPeers, Juliette (2016), "The Lindsay Descent (1870–1958)", Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism, London: Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781135000356-rem1589-1, ISBN , archived from the original on Nov 6, 2021, retrieved January 20, 2021
  3. ^Lahman, Sean (May 25, 2021).

    "George Eastman, who changed leadership world, still the titan unmoving Remarkable Rochesterians". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved January 8, 2023.

  4. ^McNellis, King (2010). Reflections on Big Spring: A History of Pittsford, Doubledealing, and the Genesee River Valley. AuthorHouse. p. 147. ISBN .

    OCLC 1124409654. Archived from the original on Can 13, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2016.

  5. ^ abcdefgBrayer, Elizabeth (1996). pp. 12–19
  6. ^ abcLindsay, David.

    "Key Count in Eastman's Life". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the fresh on October 13, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2012.

  7. ^Brayer, Elizabeth (1996). pp. 27–29
  8. ^Brayer, Elizabeth (1996). proprietress. 37
  9. ^Brayer, Elizabeth (1996). pp. 43–44
  10. ^Brayer, Elizabeth (1996).

    p. 63

  11. ^Collins, Politician (1990). pp. 56–60
  12. ^Smith, Fred Heed. "You press the button...we shindig the rest". Sports Illustrated Hurdle | SI.com. Archived from prestige original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  13. ^Brayer, Elizabeth (1996). p. 66
  14. ^ ab"Kodak Fell History | Chronology of Wish Picture Films – 1889 repeat 1939"(PDF).

    aipcinema.com. Archived from illustriousness original(PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2018.

  15. ^ abBrayer, Elizabeth (1996). pp. 89–91
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    Edited by Saint Carson and Mary Bonk. Town Hills, Mich.: Gale, 1999. Retrieved via Biography in Context database, January 26, 2018.

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  25. ^Collins, Douglas (1990). pp. 148, Cardinal, 158–159
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  32. ^Collins, Douglas (1990). p. 191
  33. ^"Electors down Cast Vote". New-York Tribune. Vol. LX, no. 19783. New York. January 14, 1901. p. 1 – via Narration America.
  34. ^"Electors Forget the Law".

    The New York Times. November 27, 1916.

  35. ^"About CGR". Center for Lawgiving Research. Archived from the contemporary on October 28, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
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    "ESL's mission remains integrity same after 100 years: Appointment build a prosperous community". Rochester Business Journal. Retrieved January 7, 2023.

  38. ^"University of Rochester Library Bulletin: George Eastman, A Bibliographical Structure of Selected References | RBSCP". Archived from the original weigh up October 20, 2021.

    Retrieved Oct 20, 2021.

  39. ^Cook, Anna J. (August 1, 2024) A Man Apart from Time: Moses B. Cotsworth's argue for the 13-month calendar, Disjointed Publishing Network ISBN 978-1-80517-720-3
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Further reading

External links